Plant care guide

Aaron's Beard

Hypericum calycinum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy ground cover shrub with large yellow flowers that spreads rapidly by underground roots (stolons). It loves sun and drought, but because it can be aggressive in the garden, its boundary must be kept under control.

Acaena microphylla

Acaena microphylla · Perennials

Likes sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained soils. Used in rock gardens, borders and as a ground cover.

Acantholimon acerosum

Acantholimon acerosum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming ground cover that loves full sun and is very drought tolerant. It prefers very well-drained, chalky and poor soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Acantholimon anatolicum

Acantholimon anatolicum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming mountain plant endemic to Anatolia, very tolerant of drought and frost. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for alpine and rock gardens.

Acantholimon caesareum

Acantholimon caesareum · Shrubs

A species endemic to the Kayseri area that forms thorny cushions and is exceptionally tolerant of drought and frost. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; indispensable for rock gardens.

Acantholimon hoshapicum

Acantholimon hoshapicum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming species endemic to the Van (Hoşap) region that grows on gypsum and marl hills and is very tolerant of drought and frost. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor soil; it is suitable for special collections and rock gardens.

Acantholimon karamanicum

Acantholimon karamanicum · Shrubs

A thorny species with a dense cushion form, endemic to the Karaman area, growing on calcareous rocky slopes. It is extremely tolerant of drought and frost; it wants full sun and well-drained, poor soils, and is excellent for rock gardens.

Acantholimon venustum

Acantholimon venustum · Shrubs

A very beautiful species endemic to Central and Southern Anatolia, known for its showy pink flowers. It grows on limestone cliffs and slopes and needs full sun, excellent drainage and poor soil; it is among the most valued plants of alpine and rock gardens.

Acanthophyllum mucronatum

Acanthophyllum mucronatum · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming plant that occurs in Eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Caucasus, growing on steppes and rocky slopes. It is very tolerant of drought and frost; it needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor, sandy-gravelly soils.

Achillea multifida

Achillea multifida · Perennials

A drought-tolerant plant that loves full sun. It grows even in well-drained, poor soils. Ideal for rock gardens, borders and for attracting pollinators.

Adam's Needle

Yucca filamentosa · Succulents & cacti

An extremely hardy, architectural plant that forms sword-like leaf rosettes. It is very tolerant of full sun, heat, drought and cold. It likes well-drained and sandy soils, and its cream-white flowers that open in summer rise on a long stalk.

Adenocarpus complicatus

Adenocarpus complicatus · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub native to Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils. It fixes nitrogen and is used for erosion control.

Aechmea

Aechmea (cins) · Houseplants

An epiphytic bromeliad species, meaning it lives on trees in nature. It collects water in the funnel (rosette) at its center, and it is watered from there. It likes bright environments without direct sun and an airy potting mix (such as orchid mix).

African Boxthorn

Lycium ferocissimum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy, thorny shrub of South African origin. It has high tolerance of full sun, drought and salinity. In many regions of Turkey it is considered an invasive species; its planting and spread must be kept under control.

African Lily

Agapanthus africanus · Bulbs

A drought-tolerant perennial known for its showy blue or white flowers that open on long stalks in summer. It likes full sun and well-drained soil. It dislikes having its roots disturbed.

African Marigold

Tagetes erecta · Annuals

Needs plenty of sun and well-drained soil. Because its pungent scent keeps some pests away, it is also used as a companion plant in vegetable gardens. A showy summer flower, ideal for borders and pots.

African Violet

Saintpaulia spp. · Houseplants

A popular flowering houseplant that likes bright but indirect light, high humidity and well-drained soil. Wetting the leaves should be avoided and bottom watering, the best method, is preferred; regular feeding is needed for continuous flowering.

Aleppo Pine

Pinus halepensis · Conifers

An evergreen pine native to the Mediterranean basin, extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It loves full sun and poor, calcareous soils. It is used especially for afforestation of dry areas and in low-maintenance landscapes; it is susceptible to the pine processionary caterpillar.

Allium ilgazense

Allium ilgazense · Bulbs

WARNING: A rare species endemic to Turkey. It is native to the Ilgaz Mountains, and successful growing requires well-drained soil, cold winters and a dry summer dormancy period. It is difficult to adapt to Izmir's climate and requires expertise.

Almond

Prunus dulcis · Trees

A deciduous fruit tree covered in pink-white flowers in February-March that is tolerant of dry and chalky soils. Because it flowers early, it should not be planted in places exposed to late frosts.

Almond-Leaved Pear

Pyrus amygdaliformis · Trees

A thorny, extremely hardy wild pear species that is part of Turkey's natural vegetation. It is very tolerant of drought, heat and chalky soils. Its white flowers in spring are beautiful, and because of its hardiness it is used as a rootstock for pear varieties.

Aloe Vera

Aloe vera · Succulents & cacti

A succulent known for the gel in its fleshy leaves, used for medicinal and decorative purposes. It likes plenty of bright, indirect light and very well-drained soils; its biggest enemies are overwatering and root rot.

Alpine Aster

Aster alpinus · Perennials

It likes cool summers, full sun and very well-drained, chalky soil. It struggles in summer in hot climates like Izmir, so it is recommended to grow it in a spot with afternoon shade and good air circulation.

Amaryllis

Hippeastrum spp. · Bulbs

A bulbous plant known for its showy, large flowers that blooms in winter and spring. To flower again, the cycle of flowering, growth and dry rest (dormancy) must be managed carefully.

American Sweetgum

Liquidambar styraciflua · Trees

A large tree known for its magnificent autumn color. Because it is a wetland plant, it needs generous, regular watering in summer; in Izmir's chalky (alkaline) soils it is prone to leaf yellowing (chlorosis) caused by iron deficiency.

American Sycamore

Platanus occidentalis · Trees

A shade tree that can reach giant sizes, grows fast and is known for its peeling bark that reveals a cream-white color. It loves deep and moist soils, but because it is very susceptible to anthracnose, its use in landscaping is less preferred than the London plane.

Anabasis aphylla

Anabasis aphylla · Shrubs

WARNING: THIS PLANT IS VERY POISONOUS. It is dangerous to people and animals and is absolutely not used in landscapes. It is a wild species native to dry, salty steppes that needs no care.

Apricot

Prunus armeniaca · Trees

A deciduous fruit tree that flowers in early spring and loves dry, hot summers. Its flowers can be damaged by late frosts; it should not be planted in cold hollows.

Arabian Rockrose

Fumana arabica · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Arabis drabiformis

Arabis drabiformis · Perennials

WARNING: This plant is an alpine plant endemic to Anatolia's high mountains. Growing it in Izmir's hot, humid climate is almost impossible and it can only be attempted in special alpine greenhouses or well-drained rock gardens.

Areca Palm

Dypsis lutescens · Houseplants

A popular indoor palm with yellow-green cane-like stems and feathery leaves. It needs bright indirect light and humid air; the leaf tips turn brown in dry air.

Arizona Cypress

Cupressus arizonica · Trees

An extremely tolerant tree for hot, dry climates and chalky soils, and an excellent choice for Manisa's climate. It needs full sun and good drainage, and is used as a windbreak, hedge and specimen tree.

Arugula

Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa · Vegetables & herbs

A leafy vegetable with a sharp flavor that is ready to harvest in 3-4 weeks. It also grows in pots; in heat it turns bitter and bolts.

Astragalus angustifolius

Astragalus angustifolius · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a thorny native shrub that grows in a cushion form, needs almost no care and is extremely drought tolerant. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Astragalus dipsaceus

Astragalus dipsaceus · Shrubs

Suitable for full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a cushion-forming native plant that needs almost no care and is extremely tolerant of drought and harsh conditions. It should not be watered or fertilized.

Atlas Cedar

Cedrus atlantica · Conifers

A stately, evergreen tree suitable for large areas. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; once established it is quite drought tolerant.

Atraphaxis billardieri

Atraphaxis billardieri · Shrubs

It likes full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a native shrub with an interesting branching structure that is extremely tolerant of drought and coastal conditions. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Atraphaxis spinosa

Atraphaxis spinosa · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a native shrub, extremely drought tolerant, with a thorny, densely branched structure, that needs almost no care. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Atriplex lehmanniana

Atriplex lehmanniana · Shrubs

It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soil. With its exceptional tolerance of salt and drought, it is a low-maintenance shrub ideal especially for coastal strips and difficult terrain.

Aubrieta

Aubrieta olympica · Perennials

It likes cool climates, full sun and very well-drained, chalky soil. It struggles in summer in hot regions like Izmir, so it should be grown in spots that get afternoon shade and have good air circulation (for example between stones in a stone wall).

Automatic Irrigation System

Garden fixtures

Autumn Olive

Elaeagnus umbellata · Small trees

A very hardy shrub with silvery leaves that bears edible red fruit in autumn. However, because it fruits abundantly and is spread by birds, it is considered an invasive species in many parts of the world; planting it requires care and control.

Avocado

Persea americana · Trees

An evergreen, fast-growing tropical fruit tree. It is very sensitive to root rot; it needs soil that does not hold water and a frost-free spot sheltered from wind.

Azalea

Rhododendron simsii · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that blooms abundantly in spring and needs acidic, moist soil. Its leaves turn yellow in chalky soil and water; it grows best in partial shade.

Azarole Hawthorn

Crataegus azarolus · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous small tree native to Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and its edible, medlar-like yellow-red fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Baby's Breath

Gypsophila paniculata · Other plants

A drought-tolerant perennial known for its airy, cloud-like flower clusters. It likes full sun together with well-drained, calcareous (alkaline) soils; excellent for rock gardens and cut flower beds.

Baby's Tears

Soleirolia soleirolii · Houseplants

A delicate houseplant that forms a dense cushion of tiny, bright green leaves. It likes bright but indirect light, high humidity and constantly moist soil; the soil must never be allowed to dry out.

Bald Cypress

Taxodium distichum · Conifers

One of the rare conifers that sheds its leaves (needles) in winter. It tolerates plenty of sun, acidic and wet soils, and even standing water. In dry-summer climates such as Izmir it can survive with generous and regular irrigation.

Banana

Musa spp. · Trees

Not a tree, but a giant herbaceous plant. It needs plenty of water and warmth; wind tears its leaves. It can stay outdoors only in coastal regions with mild winters.

Basil

Ocimum basilicum · Annuals

An aromatic annual that loves heat and sun and is not frost tolerant. It should not be planted outdoors before the soil warms; if the tips are pinched regularly it branches and yields plenty of leaves.

Basket Willow

Salix viminalis · Shrubs

A willow species grown for its long, flexible branches used in basketry that likes constantly moist to wet soil. It is not drought tolerant and for the best branch yield it is cut back hard to the base every year at the end of winter (coppicing).

Bay Laurel

Laurus nobilis · Small trees

A Mediterranean evergreen small tree known for its aromatic leaves used in cooking. It is extremely drought tolerant and responds very well to pruning; it can be easily shaped as a hedge or a single-stem ball tree.

Bay Willow

Salix pentandra · Shrubs

A willow species grown for its glossy, bay-like leaves, native to cool, humid northern climates. It is not suitable for Izmir's hot, dry climate; it can only be tried by the water's edge with constant, generous watering.

Bean Trefoil

Anagyris foetida · Shrubs

WARNING: All parts of the plant, especially the seeds, are POISONOUS. It is a drought-loving Mediterranean shrub that grows in winter and goes dormant in summer. It smells unpleasant but has ecological value thanks to its late-winter flowering.

Bearded Iris

Iris germanica · Bulbs

A drought-tolerant plant that generally grows from a rhizome and loves sun and well-drained soil. It is very important to plant it near the surface so that the tops of the rhizomes stay in the sun, and to keep it dry in summer so it does not rot.

Beetroot

Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris · Vegetables & herbs

An easy-to-grow root vegetable whose roots and young leaves are eaten. Each "seed" is actually a cluster containing several seeds, so thinning is necessary.

Begonia

Begonia sp. · Houseplants

Likes bright places without direct sun, and high humidity. It should be watered as the soil dries out; avoid overwatering and wetting the leaves. It is grown for its decorative leaves or flowers.

Berberis crataegina

Berberis crataegina · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous shrub native to Turkey. It is extremely tolerant of drought and difficult soil conditions; it is used in the landscape as a hedge plant and for its edible fruit.

Berberis cretica

Berberis cretica · Shrubs

A thorny, xeric and deciduous shrub native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, calcareous soils; excellent for rock gardens and low-maintenance landscapes.

Berberis integerrima

Berberis integerrima · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous, very drought-tolerant shrub of Central Asian origin. It thrives in full sun and well-drained soil; it is grown especially for its sour, vitamin C-rich fruit.

Bermuda Grass

Warm-season grasses

Prefers full sun, is drought tolerant and suitable for heavy use. Ideal especially for hot regions such as the Aegean and Mediterranean. Maintenance is moderate, and it spreads quickly.

Bird of Paradise

Strelitzia spp. · Perennials

Likes places with plenty of light but no direct midday sun. It does well in rich, well-drained soils. It is grown for its iconic bird-like flowers and large, showy leaves.

Bird's Nest Fern

Asplenium nidus · Houseplants

It receives medium-to-low levels of indirect light and likes high-humidity environments. Water should not be poured directly into the rosette (bird's nest) in the center of its leaves. It is a stylish living-room plant, ideal for humid spaces such as bathrooms.

Black Crowberry

Empetrum nigrum · Shrubs

A plant native to polar and mountain (alpine) regions that needs cool, moist and acidic soil. Growing it in Manisa's hot, dry and calcareous climate is absolutely impossible and should not be attempted.

Black Elder

Sambucus nigra · Shrubs

A fast-growing native shrub grown for its flowers and ripe fruit (cooked) that likes moist, rich soil. It is wonderful for wildlife, but its leaves and unripe fruit are poisonous; it can be susceptible to aphids.

Black Goji Berry

Lycium ruthenicum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub of Central Asian origin. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, salty-alkaline soil. It is grown for its black fruit, known for its valuable antioxidant content.

Black Locust

Robinia pseudoacacia · Trees

A fast-growing, drought-tolerant tree extremely well adapted to poor and dry soils. It tends to spread quickly by root suckers and produces fragrant flowers valuable to honey bees.

Black Mulberry

Morus nigra · Trees

A long-lived deciduous tree grown for its delicious, large, dark fruit. It likes full sun and deep, fertile, well-drained soil. Because the fruit stains, it should be planted away from walkways.

Black Pine

Pinus nigra · Conifers

An extremely hardy evergreen pine native to Anatolia. It has high tolerance of drought, air pollution and difficult soil conditions (clay, calcareous). It is widely used in forestry and in afforestation of difficult sites; it is susceptible to the pine processionary caterpillar.

Black Poplar

Populus nigra · Trees

A very fast-growing deciduous tree native to Europe and Turkey, growing along riverbanks. It likes moist and wet soils. The 'Italica' cultivar (Lombardy poplar) is known for its vertical structure, but like the species in general it has weak branches and aggressive roots that can damage infrastructure.

Black Walnut

Juglans nigra · Trees

A large tree that is toxic (allelopathic) to many plant species because of a chemical called juglone released from its roots, leaves and fruits. Therefore it should not be planted near sensitive plants such as tomatoes, apples and azaleas; it likes deep, moist and well-drained soils.

Blackberry

Rubus fruticosus · Shrubs

A long-caned shrub that bears black fruit in midsummer. Cultivated varieties may be thornless; the canes need to be tied to a wire or fence.

Blackthorn

Prunus spinosa · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub with nearly black branches, very thorny, that spreads by suckers. It is known for its pure white flowers that open before the leaves in spring and its tart fruits (sloes) picked after the first frost. It is used to form impenetrable natural hedges and is very valuable for wildlife.

Bladdernut

Staphylea pinnata · Small trees

It likes partial shade or sunny areas and moist, well-drained soil. It is grown for its drooping white flowers in spring and its inflated, bladder-like fruit in autumn. It is used as a specimen or in woodland gardens.

Bleeding Heart

Lamprocapnos spectabilis (syn. Dicentra spectabilis) · Perennials

A plant native to cool, humid, shady forests. It is very difficult to grow in Manisa's hot, dry climate; it goes completely dormant in the summer heat and its roots struggle to survive.

Bloodtwig Dogwood

Cornus sanguinea · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub native to Turkey, grown especially for its young stems that turn bright red in winter. To get the most vivid stem color it must be pruned hard (almost to the ground) at the end of every winter; this pruning reduces flower and fruit production.

Blue Marguerite

Felicia amelloides (syn. Agathea coelestis) · Perennials

A very sun-loving plant known for its sky-blue, daisy-like flowers. It prefers well-drained soils and is quite drought tolerant. Excellent for borders, pots and rock gardens.

Blue Passionflower

Passiflora caerulea · Climbers

A vigorous, fast-growing climber grown for its exotic-looking, intricately structured blue-white flowers. It loves full sun, a sheltered spot and well-drained, fertile soil. Ideal for covering fences, pergolas and walls; in temperate climates it is semi-evergreen.

Blue Spruce

Picea pungens · Conifers

A very valuable landscape tree with silvery-blue needles. It loves full sun for its best color. It is a tree of cool and moist climates and is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate; under these conditions it becomes stressed, loses its color and becomes very susceptible to diseases.

Booster Pump System

Garden fixtures

Bornmüller's Fir

Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana · Trees

A tall, evergreen forest tree characteristic of Uludağ. It is generally used as a specimen in parks and gardens. It prefers cool, high-altitude climates, well-drained, slightly acidic/neutral soil and sunny to partially shaded sites.

Boston Fern

Nephrolepis exaltata · Perennials

A popular classic houseplant fern known for its air-purifying properties, with full, arching fronds. It likes places with bright but indirect light, high humidity and humus-rich soil kept constantly moist (not wet). It is very sensitive to low humidity.

Boston Ivy

Parthenocissus tricuspidata · Climbers

A very vigorous, fast-growing climber with three-lobed leaves, used to cover large walls and buildings. Its leaves take on striking colors in autumn, turning from red to purple. It adapts to all conditions from full sun to shade, but shows its best color in the sun.

Bougainvillea

Bougainvillea glabra · Climbers

A climber that wants full sun and a warm environment for abundant flowering and has adapted perfectly to the Aegean and Mediterranean climate. It is drought tolerant, and the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings to encourage flowering.

Box Honeysuckle

Lonicera nitida · Shrubs

An evergreen, densely textured shrub with small glossy leaves. It is generally used as a low hedge or topiary plant and responds very well to frequent pruning. It tolerates full sun and partial shade and various soils.

Broadleaf Spindle

Euonymus latifolius · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its showy, large, pink-red fruits and bright autumn leaf color. It tolerates sunny or partially shaded areas and most soil types. The fruits are poisonous to humans.

Broccoli

Brassica oleracea var. italica · Vegetables & herbs

A cool-season vegetable whose flower buds are eaten. After the main head is cut, it keeps producing small heads from the side shoots.

Bugleweed

Ajuga reptans · Perennials

An evergreen ground cover that spreads by stolons and covers an area quickly, ideal for shady and partially shaded areas. It is used for its purple-blue spring flowers and colorful leaves, and likes well-drained, moist soil.

Burning Bush

Bassia scoparia · Annuals

A fast-growing annual that likes full sun and well-drained soil. It is grown for its leaves that turn red in autumn, but it can become weedy by dropping abundant seed.

Busy Lizzie

Impatiens walleriana · Annuals

A free-flowering annual used to brighten shaded areas. It should never be left in direct sun and its soil should be kept constantly moist; it is especially susceptible to downy mildew.

Butcher's Broom

Ruscus spp. · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen ground cover shrub that is ideal for shade and dry conditions. Its leaf-like branches (cladodes) are used in the cut flower trade; direct sunlight yellows and scorches the plant.

Butterfly Weed

Asclepias tuberosa · Perennials

It prefers full-sun areas and sandy, gravelly, very well-drained poor soil. It is known for its bright orange flowers that attract butterflies and for its drought tolerance; because of its deep taproot, it does not like being moved.

Cabbage

Brassica oleracea var. capitata · Vegetables & herbs

A hardy, cool-season vegetable that forms tight heads. Seedlings are prepared in summer, planted out in autumn and harvested throughout winter.

Cabbage Palm

Cordyline fruticosa · Houseplants

A tropical indoor plant grown for its brightly colored, sword-like leaves. To keep its vivid colors it needs plenty of light without direct sun, high humidity and constantly moist soil; dry leaf tips are usually caused by chlorine/fluoride in tap water or low humidity.

Calathea

Calathea sp. · Houseplants

A tropical plant that needs high humidity, known for the patterns on its leaves and for their upward movement in the evenings. It should be protected from direct sun, cold drafts and chlorinated/chalky water; brown leaf tips are usually a sign of low humidity or incorrect watering.

California Fan Palm

Washingtonia filifera · Palms

This palm, native to desert oases, is extremely tolerant of full sun, heat and drought, which makes it ideal for Izmir's climate. It is also called 'hairy' because of the thread-like fibers on its young leaves. If the dead leaves are not pruned, they form a 'skirt' around the trunk.

California Privet

Ligustrum ovalifolium · Shrubs

A very fast-growing shrub generally used only to form tight, neat hedges. For a neat hedge form it needs to be trimmed regularly throughout the growing season (spring to autumn); otherwise it becomes untidy.

Calla Lily

Zantedeschia aethiopica · Bulbs

The growth cycle of the white calla (growing in winter, dormant in summer) is perfect for Izmir's climate. It loves rich, moist soils and partially shaded spots sheltered from afternoon sun. Its colored hybrids, on the other hand, have a reverse cycle (growing in summer, dormant in winter) and need more care.

Calligonum polygonoides

Calligonum polygonoides · Shrubs

A leafless-looking, drought-loving shrub native to desert and dune regions. To survive it absolutely needs full sun and soil made up almost entirely of sand that drains water instantly; it needs no watering or fertilizing, which can even harm it.

Camellia

Camellia sp. · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub with striking winter flowers and glossy leaves that likes acidic (lime-free) soils. Because of Izmir's alkaline soils and hot summers it must be grown in a pot, using acidic peat and protected from afternoon sun.

Camelthorn

Alhagi maurorum · Shrubs

WARNING: This plant is not used in landscapes; it is considered a stubborn weed in agricultural areas. With its very deep root system it is extremely drought tolerant, needs no care and can spread uncontrollably.

Canadian Hemlock

Tsuga canadensis · Conifers

Native to cool, humid, shady forests; it cannot tolerate heat, drought or full sun. Growing it in a hot, dry climate like Izmir is extremely difficult, and for survival it needs a sheltered, shady position and constant, generous watering.

Canary Island Date Palm

Phoenix canariensis · Palms

A large, evergreen palm that creates a monumental effect in the landscape with its majestic, symmetrical form. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; it is quite drought tolerant. It is susceptible to dangerous pests and diseases such as the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) and Phytophthora.

Canary Island Ivy

Hedera canariensis · Climbers

A fast-growing evergreen climber with large, glossy leaves. It grows in a wide range of conditions from shade to sun but can become invasive if not kept under control; it can damage walls and other plants.

Canna Lily

Canna indica · Bulbs

A rhizomatous plant with large leaves resembling banana leaves and red, orange and yellow flowers that give a tropical look. It loves heat and plenty of water; in cold regions the rhizomes are dug up and stored over winter.

Cape Honeysuckle

Tecoma capensis · Shrubs

A semi-climbing evergreen shrub that produces orange-red trumpet flowers from late summer through winter. It is used as a hedge or wall cover in warm coastal gardens.

Cape Leadwort

Plumbago auriculata · Shrubs

A semi-climbing Mediterranean shrub that produces light blue flowers from spring until the first frosts. It loves heat and sun; in light frosts the top growth is burned and it regrows from the root.

Caper

Capparis spinosa · Shrubs

A Mediterranean shrub that grows in dry, stony and calcareous soils and produces large white-purple flowers in summer. The flower buds are used as pickles (capers); it needs almost no water.

Cappadocian Maple

Acer cappadocicum · Trees

A medium-sized tree native to Turkey (Cappadocia) and the Caucasus with hand-shaped, 5-7-lobed leaves. It is generally noted for its bright yellow autumn color; it likes moist, well-drained soil and is a shade-giving species suitable for parks and large gardens.

Carduus olympicus

Carduus olympicus · Perennials

A mountain plant endemic to Turkey and found only on Uludağ; it needs cold winters and cool summers. It cannot adapt to Izmir's hot, long summers and mild winters, so growing it in the garden is almost impossible and not recommended.

Carnation

Dianthus · Perennials

A hardy plant that generally has fragrant flowers and loves sun and well-drained, calcareous (alkaline) soils. Ideal for rock gardens and borders; its biggest enemy is heavy soils that stay wet in winter.

Carolina Allspice

Calycanthus floridus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that likes moist, rich soil and partial shade. It should be protected from hot afternoon sun in summer and watered regularly; it is grown for its distinctive, pleasantly scented flowers, whose fragrance is compared to strawberries.

Carpetgrass

Axonopus spp. · Lawn grasses

It likes full-sun or lightly shaded areas and moist, slightly acidic soil. It is a warm-season grass that grows actively in summer and turns yellow and goes dormant in winter. It is known for needing little care.

Carrot

Daucus carota subsp. sativus · Vegetables & herbs

A root vegetable that needs deep, stone-free, loose soil. Fresh manure or stony soil causes the roots to fork.

Cast Iron Plant

Aspidistra elatior · Houseplants

Known for its exceptional tolerance of low light and neglect, which is why it is called the Cast Iron Plant. A low-maintenance, slow-growing plant that is excellent for shady interiors.

Catmint

Nepeta × faassenii · Perennials

A perennial with lavender-blue flower spikes over gray-green, fragrant leaves, used as an edging and border plant. Drought tolerant; attracts bees.

Caucasian Pincushion Flower

Scabiosa caucasica · Perennials

A plant grown for its long-blooming, showy, pinks-like flowers that likes sun and well-drained, chalky soil. It is sensitive to winter wetness, and for continuous flowering the faded flowers need to be removed regularly.

Caucasian Stonecrop

Sedum spurium · Ground covers

A fast-spreading, drought-tolerant, evergreen succulent ground cover that likes full sun and well-drained soil. It is ideal for rock gardens, border edges and dry areas; it is very easy to care for and broken pieces root easily.

Caucasian Wingnut

Pterocarya fraxinifolia · Trees

A deciduous tree native to the Caucasus and northern Turkey that reaches very large sizes with its tropical-looking leaves. It loves constantly moist and wet soils such as riverbanks. It needs a lot of space and has an aggressive root system that produces abundant suckers and can damage infrastructure.

Caucasian Zelkova

Zelkova carpinifolia · Trees

A large and long-lived shade tree known for its resistance to Dutch elm disease and its elegant vase-shaped structure. Although drought tolerant, it prefers moist soils and grows better with summer irrigation in Izmir.

Cauliflower

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis · Vegetables & herbs

A cool-season vegetable grown for its white, compact flower head (curd). It is the fussiest of the cabbage family; the head stays small if water or nutrients are lacking.

Ceanothus

Ceanothus sp. · Shrubs

A shrub of Californian origin that wants full sun and perfectly drained soil and is very drought tolerant. It is known for its dazzling blue flowers that generally open in spring; once established it should not be watered in summer, otherwise the risk of root rot increases.

Cedar of Lebanon

Cedrus libani · Trees

A majestic, long-lived tree native to Turkey's Taurus Mountains. It likes full sun, good drainage and chalky soil; once established it is extremely tolerant of heat and drought and needs almost no care.

Celtis caucasica

Celtis caucasica · Trees

A deciduous tree that is also native to Turkey and is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and chalky soils. It usually stays smaller than the European Nettle Tree and once established needs almost no care.

Centaurea dealbata

Centaurea dealbata · Perennials

A silver-leaved, drought-tolerant perennial native to the Caucasus and Northeastern Turkey. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; pruning after the main flowering keeps the plant neater and sometimes makes it flower again.

Centaurea ptosimopappoides

Centaurea ptosimopappoides · Shrubs

An endangered shrub endemic only to Antalya. It needs chalky (alkaline), very well-drained, rocky soil and full sun; it requires no watering or fertilizing, and these practices can even kill the plant.

Centaurea spinosa

Centaurea spinosa · Shrubs

A silvery, thorny, cushion-forming shrub native to the Aegean coasts. It needs full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it should never be irrigated or fertilized, and it is excellent for dry gardens.

Century Plant

Agave americana · Succulents & cacti

A very large, sculptural succulent that creates a striking focal point in the landscape. It needs full sun and well-drained, sandy soil. Care should be taken with the spiny leaf tips and the sap, which can irritate the skin.

Chaste Tree

Vitex agnus-castus · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Mediterranean, extremely tolerant of heat and drought. It is valued for its lavender-blue flower clusters that open in late summer, when very little else flowers in the garden. It loves full sun and well-drained soils.

Cherry Laurel

Prunus laurocerasus · Shrubs

An evergreen hedge plant with large, glossy leaves that grows fast and tolerates shade. It is native to the Black Sea region; its leaves and kernels are poisonous.

Cherry Plum

Prunus cerasifera · Trees

A deciduous tree known for its abundant white/pink flowers that open before the leaves in spring. In Turkey its fruit is popularly eaten green ('can eriği'). Ornamental purple-leaved varieties are also common; it likes full sun and well-drained soil.

Chickweed

Stellaria media · Other plants

An annual weed that often grows on its own in gardens and pots and loves cool, humid weather. Although it is edible, it is usually kept under control because it spreads quickly and competes with other plants.

China Fir

Cunninghamia lanceolata · Trees

A tree with a distinctive appearance that likes moist, acidic, well-drained soil. It is difficult to grow in climates with hot, dry, chalky soils such as Manisa, and needs regular watering and protection from summer sun.

Chinese Evergreen

Aglaonema spp. · Houseplants

Likes indirect, bright light and well-drained soil. It should be protected from direct sun and drafts. A decorative, air-purifying houseplant.

Chinese Hibiscus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis · Shrubs

An evergreen tropical shrub with large, showy flowers. It is grown in the garden in the coastal belt and in pots in other regions, and brought indoors in winter.

Chinese Money Plant

Pilea peperomioides · Perennials

A popular and minimalist houseplant known especially as the 'Chinese Money Plant' (Pilea peperomioides) for its round, coin-like leaves. It likes spots with bright but indirect light and a very well-drained potting soil. It multiplies easily by producing offsets from its roots and stem; it is very sensitive to overwatering.

Chinese Windmill Palm

Trachycarpus fortunei · Palms

One of the most cold-hardy palms, adapting very well to Izmir's climate. It prefers full sun or light shade and well-drained soil. It is known for the fibrous material covering its trunk and its large fan-shaped leaves.

Chinese Wisteria

Wisteria sinensis · Climbers

A very vigorous and long-lived vine grown for its fragrant, showy flower clusters that open in spring. It grows strong enough to break weak support structures (fences, pergolas, roofs, etc.). For abundant flowering, full sun and regular pruning twice a year are essential.

Christ's Thorn

Paliurus spina-christi · Shrubs

A native of the Mediterranean region and Turkey, this is a very thorny deciduous shrub. It is used to form impenetrable, thorny hedges. It is highly tolerant of full sun, drought and poor, calcareous soils, and is known for its interesting disc-shaped fruits.

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum morifolium · Perennials

The flower of autumn; it colors the garden between September and November. Pinching the tips in summer gives it a dense, abundantly flowering form.

Cider Gum

Eucalyptus gunnii · Small trees

A very fast-growing eucalyptus species grown for its round, silvery-blue juvenile leaves. To keep the blue foliage, it can be hard pruned (coppiced) every winter; otherwise it grows into a large tree.

Cilician Fir

Abies cilicica · Trees

An evergreen, pyramidal, slow-growing forest tree. It likes sunny or partially shaded, cool and moist places and well-drained soils. It is generally used singly (as a specimen) in the landscape, and its fallen needles make the soil acidic.

Clematis orientalis

Clematis orientalis · Climbers

A vigorous clematis that is also native to Turkey and is extremely tolerant of drought and chalky soils. It is grown for its yellow, bell-shaped flowers that open in late summer/autumn and its silky seed heads that remain in winter; because it flowers on new growth, it should be pruned hard at the end of every winter.

Clerodendrum bungei

Clerodendrum bungei · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub grown for its pink, fragrant flower clusters that open in late summer and autumn. It tends to spread very aggressively by sending up shoots from its roots (suckering) and needs to be kept under control.

Climbing Hydrangea

Hydrangea anomala · Climbers

A woody, deciduous climber that produces large, white, lacecap-type flowers. In Izmir it must be planted on a north- or east-facing side, in a cool, moist spot protected from afternoon sun; it is sensitive to drought and heat.

Coast Redwood

Sequoia sempervirens · Conifers

The tallest tree in the world, native to California's cool, foggy and rainy coasts. Izmir's hot, dry and calcareous conditions are fatal for this tree; it can be attempted only by experts, in a sheltered, partially shaded spot, in acidic soils and with constant generous irrigation/misting.

Coastal Rosemary

Westringia fruticosa · Shrubs

An evergreen coastal shrub with silvery, rosemary-like leaves, very tolerant of wind, salt and drought. Its natural form is rounded; it is used as a low hedge.

Cockscomb

Celosia sp. · Annuals

An annual that loves summer heat and sun and is known for its velvety, brightly colored flowers. For abundant flowering it needs regular watering in fertile, well-drained soil; because it is susceptible to root rot, excess water should be avoided.

Coleus

Plectranthus scutellarioides · Houseplants

An easy-care, fast-growing plant grown for its colorful leaves. For vivid colors it needs plenty of bright but not scorching direct sun, moist soil and regular pinching of the tips.

Colutea armena

Colutea armena · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of the legume family native to Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea cilicica

Colutea cilicica · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of the legume family native to the southern regions of Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea halepica

Colutea halepica · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub from the legume family, native to the Eastern Mediterranean. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; it is extremely tolerant of drought and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea melanocalyx

Colutea melanocalyx · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub from the legume family, native to Western Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; it is extremely tolerant of drought and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Common Barberry

Berberis vulgaris · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous shrub of European and Asian origin. It is grown for its tart red fruits, rich in vitamin C, and is used as a hedge plant thanks to its hardiness. Because it is an alternate host of wheat rust, planting it near agricultural fields is not recommended.

Common Bentgrass

Agrostis capillaris (syn. A. tenuis) · Lawn grasses

A fine-textured lawn grass that forms a dense, decorative surface and spreads by rhizomes and stolons. It is used on golf courses and in high-quality gardens, and requires intensive care and watering in the hot summer months of the Aegean.

Common Boxwood

Buxus sempervirens · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen, densely textured shrub; it is used especially in formal gardens, hedges and topiary (shaped pruning). Its greatest threat is the caterpillar of the Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis), which can eat the leaves completely.

Common Buckthorn

Rhamnus catharticus · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, very persistent shrub that tolerates sunny or partially shaded areas and all soil types. Its fruits and bark have traditionally been used as a dye and as a laxative; its spreading nature must be kept under control.

Common Columbine

Aquilegia vulgaris · Perennials

An elegantly flowering plant suitable for shaded and cool garden corners. To survive Izmir's hot summers it needs afternoon shade and constantly moist soil. Leaf miner is its most common pest.

Common Daisy

Bellis perennis · Annuals

A plant that likes cool climates, is planted in autumn and blooms through winter and spring. It prefers full sun or partial shade and moist, well-drained soil; it is ideal for flower beds and pots.

Common Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna · Small trees

A thorny, deciduous, very hardy small tree that is also native to Turkey. It is ideal for forming impenetrable hedges; it has white flowers in spring and red fruit (haws) eaten by birds in autumn.

Common Hop

Humulus lupulus · Climbers

A very fast-growing herbaceous climber that regrows every year, grown for its cones (female flowers) used in brewing beer. It needs plenty of sun, rich soil, plenty of water and a very sturdy support structure to climb.

Common Jasmine

Jasminum officinale · Shrubs

A fast-growing, deciduous vine grown for its very strong, pleasantly scented white flowers. It absolutely needs a support to climb (fence, pergola, arbor); because it flowers on new shoots, it should be pruned in late winter/early spring.

Common Juniper

Juniperus communis · Conifers

A generally needle-leaved, evergreen and extremely hardy shrub. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; overwatering and poor air circulation can lead to fungal diseases, so they should be avoided.

Common Pear

Pyrus communis · Trees

A deciduous tree of high economic value, grown for its delicious fruit. For abundant, good-quality fruit it needs full sun and deep, fertile soil. It is very susceptible to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and usually needs to be cross-pollinated by another compatible pear variety to set fruit.

Common Sage

Salvia officinalis · Shrubs

A woody aromatic plant whose gray-green, fragrant leaves are used in cooking and as tea. It loves drought; in heavy, wet soil the roots rot.

Common Smilax

Smilax aspera · Climbers

A thorny, evergreen native climber extremely tolerant of all conditions from sun to full shade and of drought. It is ideal for forming an impenetrable barrier, but it spreads very aggressively with its roots and branches and must be kept under control with regular, hard pruning.

Conehead Thyme

Thymbra spicata · Shrubs

A natural plant of the Eastern Mediterranean; it loves full sun and poor, rocky, calcareous soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. Its intensely aromatic leaves are used as a spice in the kitchen, and the flavor is at its best when it is grown in dry conditions.

Coralberry

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus · Shrubs

Extremely tolerant of most conditions, including sunny or shaded areas and poor soils. It is grown for its decorative purple-pink fruits in clusters that stay on the branches all winter. It spreads quickly by suckers.

Coriander

Coriandrum sativum · Vegetables & herbs

An annual kitchen herb whose leaves and seeds are used. It gives plenty of leaves in cool weather; in heat it quickly runs to flower.

Corkscrew Willow

Salix matsudana · Trees

A fast-growing ornamental tree grown for its twisted branches ('Tortuosa' variety). It likes moist soils, and although somewhat more drought tolerant than other willows, it needs regular and generous irrigation in Izmir's hot summers.

Cornelian Cherry

Cornus mas · Small trees

A deciduous small tree native to Turkey, valuable both as an ornamental and as a fruit tree. It is known for its yellow flowers that open on bare branches in late winter and its tart, red fruits that ripen in late summer; it is very tolerant of drought and calcareous soils.

Cosmos

Cosmos bipinnatus · Annuals

An annual with feathery, fine leaves and single pink, white and purple flowers that blooms all summer. It flowers more in poor soil; it can be sown directly from seed.

Cotoneaster integerrimus

Cotoneaster integerrimus · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is drought tolerant and produces red fruit in autumn that birds love.

Cotoneaster nummularius

Cotoneaster nummularius · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and produces reddish-black fruit in autumn that birds love.

Cotoneaster racemiflorus

Cotoneaster racemiflorus · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and produces bright red fruit in autumn that birds love.

Crack Willow

Salix fragilis · Trees

A very fast-growing tree that grows naturally along waterways and likes constantly moist soil. Because its branches break very easily (hence the name 'brittle'), it can be hazardous in gardens and requires constant cleanup; it is not drought tolerant.

Crape Myrtle

Lagerstroemia indica · Small trees

A small tree that produces showy flowers all summer and loves sun and heat. Because it flowers on new shoots, it must be pruned at the end of winter or in early spring; it can be susceptible to powdery mildew and aphids.

Crataegus caucasica

Crataegus caucasica · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous small tree whose homeland is the Caucasus and Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and edible red fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus demirsoyi

Crataegus demirsoyi · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to Mount Kaz (Mount Ida). It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus elazigense

Crataegus elazigense · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to the Elazığ area. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus elbursensis

Crataegus elbursensis · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species whose homeland is Iran's Elburz Mountains. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus orientalis

Crataegus orientalis · Shrubs

A very decorative deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey, with silvery-gray leaves and large, orange-red fruits. It is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils and needs almost no maintenance.

Crataegus pentagyna

Crataegus pentagyna · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and edible black fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus peshmenii

Crataegus peshmenii · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to Southwestern Anatolia. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus pontica

Crataegus pontica · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It is grown especially for its large, yellow and delicious fruits; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus pseudoheterophylla

Crataegus pseudoheterophylla · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus rhipidophylla

Crataegus rhipidophylla · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous, very hardy small tree that is also native to Turkey. It is ideal for forming impenetrable hedges; it has white flowers in spring and red fruit eaten by birds in autumn.

Crataegus sakranensis

Crataegus sakranensis · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to the Izmir region. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruit that ripens in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and chalky soils.

Crataegus tanacetifolia

Crataegus tanacetifolia · Shrubs

A hawthorn species endemic to Turkey that loves full sun and is tolerant of drought and chalky soils. It is used in landscapes and for its edible fruit.

Crataegus x rubrinervis

Crataegus x rubrinervis · Shrubs

Generally a thorny, densely branched hawthorn hybrid. It loves full sun and adapts to most well-drained soil types. It is used in the landscape as a hedge plant or as a specimen.

Crataegus x yosgatica

Crataegus x yosgatica · Shrubs

A very hardy hawthorn species endemic to Turkey and especially adapted to the continental climate of Central Anatolia. It prefers full sun and chalky, poor soil, and is very tolerant of drought and frost.

Creeping Bentgrass

Agrostis stolonifera · Lawn grasses

It spreads by stolons and forms a very dense, carpet-like surface; it is used on golf course putting greens. It needs full sun and constant moisture, and is very difficult to maintain in the hot summers of the Aegean Region.

Creeping Juniper

Juniperus horizontalis · Ground covers

A juniper species that spreads along the ground to cover large areas and is extremely tolerant of drought and sun. For success it needs full sun and perfectly drained soil; shade and wet conditions lead to fungal diseases.

Cretan Date Palm

Phoenix theophrasti · Palms

A silvery-green-leaved, multi-stemmed (suckering) palm endemic to Turkey's southwestern coasts. It is extremely tolerant of drought, salt and poor soil. It is ideal for xeriscapes and natural gardens; it may be more resistant to the Red Palm Weevil than other Phoenix species.

Cretan Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis cretica · Shrubs

An evergreen, xeric shrub native to the Aegean region, with woolly, gray-green leaves. It is decorative with its bright yellow, button-shaped flowers that open in summer. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soils; excellent for dry landscapes (xeriscape).

Crimson Bottlebrush

Callistemon citrinus · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub of Australian origin whose bottlebrush-like red flowers attract bees and birds. It loves heat and drought; it tolerates light frosts.

Crocus

Crocus · Bulbs

A bulbous (cormous) plant that generally flowers in spring. It loves full sun and well-drained soils, and its biggest enemy is excessively wet soil. Suitable for rock gardens, lawn areas and pots.

Croton

Codiaeum variegatum · Houseplants

A tropical plant grown for its striking colored leaves, but its care demands sensitivity. To keep its vivid colors it needs a spot with plenty of light, high humidity and a steady temperature, and it hates cold drafts; sudden changes of location can cause leaf drop.

Cucumber

Cucumis sativus · Vegetables & herbs

A fast-growing, climbing warm-season vegetable. It needs plenty of regular water; the fruit of a plant that goes without water turns bitter.

Cyathobasis fruticulosa

Cyathobasis fruticulosa · Shrubs

A cushion-forming shrub endemic to Turkey's salty (halophytic) steppes. It needs full sun and chalky, salty soil with perfect drainage; garden use is uncommon and it has mostly ecological value.

Cyclamen

Cyclamen · Houseplants

A tuberous plant that flowers in winter and prefers bright, cool spots without direct sun. It sheds its leaves in summer and goes dormant; it should not be watered during this period.

Cymbidium Orchid

Cymbidium · Houseplants

An orchid species that likes cool conditions and has long-lasting flowers. To bloom it needs a day-night temperature difference in late summer and autumn, and it is never grown in ordinary soil.

Cynanchum acutum

Cynanchum acutum · Climbers

A native vine that, as its name (Bostanbozan) suggests, spreads quickly in agricultural and garden areas and can be invasive. It is very drought tolerant; it is generally not grown intentionally, and its control and management are important.

Cyprina insularis

Cyprina insularis · Climbers

A rare climber endemic to the Aegean islands and southwestern Anatolia. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous (alkaline) soils, is very tolerant of drought and is suitable for rock gardens.

Cytisus anatolicus

Cytisus anatolicus · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Cytisus drepanolobus

Cytisus drepanolobus · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub endemic to Turkey that grows on dry, rocky slopes. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is important for erosion control and dry landscapes.

Cytisus eriocarpus

Cytisus eriocarpus · Shrubs

A drought-loving and hardy shrub endemic to Turkey, distinguished by its woolly fruit. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is valuable for natural landscapes and restoration projects.

Cytisus hirsutus

Cytisus hirsutus · Shrubs

A hardy goat's-trefoil species known for its hairy shoots, growing naturally in southern Europe and Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, infertile soil; it is suitable for rock gardens and dry areas.

Cytisus leucanthus

Cytisus leucanthus · Shrubs

A low-growing, xeric shrub that occurs naturally in Southeastern Europe and Turkey. It loves full sun and well-drained soils poor in nutrients; it is suitable for rock gardens and dry-area plantings.

Cytisus procumbens

Cytisus procumbens · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub that grows spreading along the ground (creeping) and is an excellent ground cover. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is ideal for slopes, rock gardens and dry areas.

Cytisus pseudoprocumbens

Cytisus pseudoprocumbens · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, ground-hugging shrub that spreads along the ground and closely resembles Creeping Goat's-Trefoil. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is suitable for slopes and rock gardens.

Cytisus wulfii

Cytisus wulfii (syn. Chamaecytisus wulfii) · Shrubs

An alpine plant endemic to Uludağ, adapted to cool, humid summers. It is very difficult to grow in Manisa's hot, dry climate; it must be protected from extreme heat and root rot.

Daffodil

Narcissus · Bulbs

A hardy, long-lived bulbous plant, a herald of spring, known for its trumpet-shaped flowers. It likes full sun or light shade and well-drained soil. Because it is poisonous to animals, it can spread (naturalize) trouble-free in the garden and stay for years.

Dahlia

Dahlia x hybrida · Bulbs

A tuberous plant that produces showy flowers in summer and autumn. It likes plenty of sun and rich, well-drained soil. For abundant flowers it needs regular watering during the growing period, fertilizing and removal of faded flowers. The tubers should be lifted and stored over winter.

Dalmatian Bellflower

Campanula portenschlagiana · Perennials

A spreading, evergreen perennial that is ideal for rock gardens and walls. It likes well-drained soils and afternoon shade; it blooms abundantly in spring and early summer.

Daphne gnidioides

Daphne gnidioides · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to Western and Southern Anatolia, with fragrant flowers. It does not like its roots disturbed and prefers well-drained, calcareous soils and partially shaded positions. All parts are poisonous.

Daphne pontica

Daphne pontica · Shrubs

A shrub native to the moist forests of the Black Sea region that loves acidic soil and shade. Growing it in Manisa's hot, dry and calcareous climate is very difficult; it requires a special shaded, moist and cool microclimate.

Daphne sericea

Daphne sericea · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to Southern and Western Anatolia, with silky leaves and intensely fragrant pink flowers. It does not like its roots disturbed and prefers full sun or partial shade and well-drained, calcareous soils. All parts are poisonous.

Date Palm

Phoenix dactylifera · Palms

One of the key trees of hot, dry climates, grown for its edible, sweet fruit (dates). For fruit production it needs plenty of sun and high summer temperatures. Because female and male trees are separate, pollination is required for commercial production; it is susceptible to the Red Palm Weevil.

Dawn Redwood

Metasequoia glyptostroboides · Conifers

A fast-growing tree known as a 'living fossil', one of the rare trees that sheds its needles in autumn. It likes full-sun areas and constantly moist, deep, well-drained, slightly acidic soil. It is a magnificent landscape tree, especially by water and in large parks.

Daylily

Hemerocallis spp. · Perennials

An extremely hardy and long-lived herbaceous plant whose individual flowers stay open for only one day but which blooms abundantly in clusters. It likes sunny areas and well-drained soils; although it is drought tolerant, it performs better with summer irrigation.

Deodar Cedar

Cedrus deodara · Conifers

A majestic evergreen tree known for its drooping branch tips and graceful form. It likes full sun and well-drained soil; although drought tolerant, it needs more moisture than other cedar species and likes to be watered, especially in summer.

Dill

Anethum graveolens · Vegetables & herbs

A fragrant, fine-leaved annual kitchen herb. It dislikes transplanting and should be sown where it will grow. It flowers quickly in heat.

Dog Rose

Rosa canina · Shrubs

An extremely hardy and drought-resistant native shrub that loves sunny areas and any well-drained soil. It is grown for its fruits (rose hips), rich in vitamin C, and is an important food source for wildlife.

Dogbane

Apocynum venetum · Shrubs

WARNING: The plant contains poisonous glycosides. It is a hardy plant that spreads quickly by rhizomes and is used for its fiber and medicinal tea. It can be invasive in gardens, so its spread must be kept under control.

Doronicum orientale

Doronicum orientale · Perennials

A plant that produces yellow, daisy-like flowers in spring and goes completely dormant (sheds its leaves) with the summer heat. It likes partial shade and moist, well-drained soil.

Dorystoechas hastata

Dorystoechas hastata · Shrubs

An evergreen, aromatic, drought-loving shrub endemic only to the Antalya region. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is excellent for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Douglas Fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii · Conifers

A stately tree native to the cool and humid forests of North America, known for its distinctive cones. It likes deep, moist and well-drained soils. It is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate; under these conditions it becomes stressed and very vulnerable to diseases and pests.

Downy Birch

Betula pubescens · Trees

A birch species of European origin that likes cool, moist and even wet soil. It is very difficult for it to adapt to Izmir's hot, dry climate; to survive it needs an almost constantly moist soil environment and heavy watering throughout the summer.

Downy Oak

Quercus pubescens · Trees

A full-sun-loving oak species extremely tolerant of drought and calcareous soils. Ideal for the afforestation and landscaping of difficult, dry and sunny areas.

Dracaena

Dracaena · Houseplants

A popular, easy-care houseplant that tolerates low light. The most important care rule is to avoid overwatering; the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Browning at the leaf tips is usually caused by chlorinated/fluoridated tap water.

Drip Irrigation Line

Garden fixtures

Dumb Cane

Dieffenbachia · Houseplants

A popular houseplant grown for its showy leaves. It likes places without direct sun and humid environments. The plant sap is poisonous, and swallowing it or contact with skin is dangerous; keep it away from children and pets.

Dwarf Apple

Malus pumila · Trees

A tree grown for its fruit that needs full sun. It likes deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soil; dwarf varieties are ideal for small gardens and even containers.

Dwarf Elder

Sambucus ebulus · Shrubs

An herbaceous elderberry species that likes moist, rich soil and spreads quickly by its roots. It dies back to the ground every winter; because of its spreading nature, the planting site should be chosen carefully.

Dwarf Pomegranate

Punica granatum 'Nana' · Shrubs

A dwarf variety of the common pomegranate, grown for its abundant bright red-orange flowers and small decorative fruit. It is ideal for pots, bonsai and small, sunny spots. It likes full sun and very well-drained soil; it is drought tolerant.

Dwarf Soapwort

Saponaria pumilio · Perennials

A rock garden plant native to the high Alps of Europe, growing in a cushion form. It is absolutely not suitable for Izmir's hot summers and wet winters; to keep it alive it must be grown in gravelly, well-drained soil, protected from afternoon sun and sheltered from winter rains.

Dwarf Spindle

Euonymus nanus · Shrubs

A slender, deciduous shrub that grows spreading along the ground or forming a low mound. It is used in rock gardens or as a ground cover and produces decorative fruit in autumn. Its fruit is poisonous.

Dyer's Greenweed

Genista tinctoria · Shrubs

A spreading, hardy ground-cover shrub historically used to obtain yellow dye. It prefers full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is drought tolerant and suitable for rock gardens or slopes.

Eastern Arborvitae

Thuja occidentalis · Conifers

Likes sunny or partially shaded areas and moist, well-drained soil. It is sensitive to hot and dry climates, so it needs regular summer irrigation in Izmir. Often used as a hedge and screening plant.

Eastern Cyclamen

Cyclamen coum · Perennials

A frost-hardy cyclamen species that flowers in winter. It likes partial shade, such as under deciduous trees, and well-drained, humus-rich soil. It goes dormant in summer and must be kept dry; it is very suitable for Manisa's climate.

Eastern Red Cedar

Juniperus virginiana · Conifers

An extremely hardy and drought-tolerant tree known for its aromatic wood used in pencil making. Because it is the alternate host of cedar-apple rust, a disease that harms apple, pear and quince trees, it should not be planted near these trees.

Echeveria

Echeveria · Succulents & cacti

A popular succulent that grows in a rosette form. It needs plenty of light, well-drained cactus soil and a potting medium that dries out completely between waterings. Its worst enemy is overwatering, and it is very prone to root rot.

Eggplant

Solanum melongena · Vegetables & herbs

One of the most heat-loving vegetables. It needs a long, hot summer to develop; yield drops in cool regions.

Elephant Ear Caladium

Caladium sp. · Houseplants

A tropical tuberous plant grown for its showy, colorful and patterned leaves. During the growing period it needs a bright, humid environment and moist soil, and in winter a dry and warm rest period (dormancy).

English Holly

Ilex aquifolium · Small trees

An evergreen small tree famous for its red fruits in winter. For fruit set, a male plant must be planted near the female plants (dioecious). In Izmir it needs partial shade and moist, acidic soils; in alkaline soil its leaves turn yellow.

English Ivy

Hedera helix · Climbers

An extremely hardy, adaptable and fast-growing evergreen vine. It is considered an invasive species in many regions; because it can damage buildings, trees and native ecosystems, planting it should be considered carefully and it must be kept under control with constant pruning.

English Oak

Quercus robur · Trees

A large park and forest tree native to cool-temperate climates that loves deep, fertile and moist soils. In hot, dry Mediterranean climates such as Izmir it is difficult to grow without regular, deep irrigation.

English Walnut

Juglans regia · Trees

A valuable tree grown for its nuts. Although less so than Black Walnut, it can harm some plants through the 'juglone' compound released from its roots (allelopathy). A productive harvest requires deep, well-drained soil and regular care.

English Yew

Taxus baccata · Conifers

Adaptable to a wide range of light conditions from sun to full shade and to most soils as long as they are well drained. Because it is extremely tolerant of pruning, it is popular as a hedge and topiary plant. All parts are poisonous except the red fleshy part of the fruit.

Ephedra campylopoda

Ephedra campylopoda · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub native to the Mediterranean region, with a climbing or trailing habit. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils; an excellent choice for dry landscapes and for covering walls.

Erica manipuliflora

Erica manipuliflora · Shrubs

An evergreen heath native to Western and Southern Anatolia that produces pink flowers in autumn. It requires acidic (lime-free) and well-drained soils; special soil preparation must be done in Manisa's alkaline soils. It is drought tolerant.

Etruscan Honeysuckle

Lonicera implexa · Climbers

An evergreen climber of Mediterranean origin. It likes full sun or partial shade and well-drained soil. Used to cover walls and hedges or as a ground cover.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus · Trees

Generally very fast-growing, drought-tolerant, evergreen trees of Australian origin. They love full sun and well-drained soil; they need irrigation when young but require very little care once mature.

Euphrates Poplar

Populus euphratica · Trees

An extremely hardy tree native to the Euphrates River basin, adapted to desert and dry climates. It has very high tolerance of saline and alkaline soils; once its roots reach the groundwater table, it shows full drought tolerance. It is ecologically very important for erosion control and the reclamation of barren land.

European Ash

Fraxinus excelsior · Trees

A large deciduous tree of cool, humid climates. It is not suitable for Manisa's hot, dry summers and needs generous watering. It is also very susceptible to ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus), which has been devastating across Europe and in Turkey, so planting it is not recommended.

European Beech

Fagus sylvatica · Trees

A large tree native to cool, humid, rainy European forests. Growing it in Manisa's Mediterranean climate with hot, dry, long summers is absolutely impossible and should not be attempted.

European Boxthorn

Lycium europaeum · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Mediterranean climate that loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought, salinity and calcareous soils. With its thorny structure it is used for natural hedges, dry landscaping and erosion control; the fruits are edible.

European Forsythia

Forsythia europaea · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub that is a herald of spring, adorning its branches with yellow flowers before the leaves appear. It likes full sun and well-drained soil. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends.

European Hackberry

Celtis australis · Trees

A long-lived deciduous shade tree native to the Mediterranean region. It is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils; once established, it is a sturdy city tree that needs almost no maintenance.

European Hornbeam

Carpinus betulus · Trees

A deciduous tree of cool, humid climates; it is used in landscapes especially because it is very suitable for shaping by pruning (hedges, walls, etc.). To stay healthy in Izmir's hot, dry summers it should be protected from afternoon sun and watered deeply on a regular basis.

European Larch

Larix decidua · Conifers

One of the rare conifers that sheds its needles in autumn. Because it is a cold mountain climate plant, Izmir's hot summers and mild winters are absolutely unsuitable for this tree to grow healthily, and planting it is not recommended.

European Plum

Prunus domestica · Trees

One of the most common plum species, grown for fresh eating or for drying (prunes). For abundant, good-quality fruit it needs full sun and fertile, well-drained soil. It requires regular care and spraying against fungal diseases such as brown rot (mummy disease) and fruit moths.

European Spindle

Euonymus europaeus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that stands out for its bright pink-red capsules opening in autumn and orange seeds. It is tolerant of different soil types and likes sunny spots for the best fruit/leaf color. Its fruit is poisonous to humans.

European White Elm

Ulmus laevis · Trees

A large tree that can tolerate wet and compacted soils. Compared with other European elms it is fairly resistant to Dutch elm disease (DED), but it is not immune. In hot climates such as Izmir it needs regular summer irrigation.

False Aralia

Plerandra elegantissima (syn. Dizygotheca elegantissima) · Houseplants

A decorative houseplant with graceful, fine-textured leaves. It likes bright but indirect light, high humidity and well-drained soil; it is sensitive to dry air and overwatering.

False Indigo

Amorpha fruticosa · Shrubs

An extremely hardy and adaptable shrub that fixes nitrogen in the soil with its roots. It tolerates difficult conditions, including drought, wet soils and infertile land. Pruning is important to prevent uncontrolled spread.

Fava Bean

Vicia faba · Vegetables & herbs

A hardy legume sown in autumn and harvested in spring. It adds nitrogen to the soil and is a good preceding crop for vegetables sown afterward.

Field Elm

Ulmus minor · Trees

One of the native trees of Europe and Turkey. WARNING: This species is EXTREMELY SUSCEPTIBLE to Dutch elm disease; its population has been largely wiped out by this deadly disease, and its use in landscaping is not recommended.

Field Maple

Acer campestre · Trees

An extremely hardy and adaptable tree native to Europe and Turkey. Its five-lobed leaves turn yellow in autumn; it tolerates all soil types and urban conditions, which is why it is widely used in parks, hedges and street planting.

Fig

Ficus carica · Trees

A drought-tolerant, fast-growing fruit tree. Its roots are spreading; it should not be planted near buildings and utility lines.

Firethorn

Pyracantha coccinea · Shrubs

A thorny, evergreen shrub that stands out for its clouds of white flowers in spring and bright red, orange or yellow fruit clusters in autumn and winter. It is ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and provides winter food for birds. It is very susceptible to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and scab (Venturia pyrina).

Flamingo Flower

Anthurium spp. · Houseplants

WARNING: The plant's sap is poisonous and irritates the skin. It is grown for its bright, colorful, long-lasting flowers (spathes). It needs plenty of bright but indirect light, high humidity and an airy potting mix (such as orchid mix).

Floss Flower

Ageratum houstonianum · Annuals

An annual grown for its distinctive, soft-textured flowers like 'powder puffs'. It likes full sun or lightly shaded areas and moist, well-drained soil. Ideal for flower beds, borders and pots.

Four-Season Green Lawn Mix

Cool-season grasses

This mix, which generally includes Lolium and Festuca species, offers a green appearance all year round. It is adaptable to sunny and partially shaded areas, but needs regular irrigation in the hot summer months; it is popular in the Marmara and Aegean regions.

Foxglove

Digitalis purpurea · Perennials

A generally biennial plant that forms a leaf rosette in the first year and flowers in the second year. It likes partial shade and moist, humus-rich soils. Because it contains digitalin, a heart medication, all parts are highly poisonous and must never be eaten.

Fragrant Virgin's Bower

Clematis flammula · Climbers

A vigorous broom native to the Mediterranean that forms clouds of small, white, very fragrant (almond/vanilla) flowers in late summer and autumn. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; because it flowers on new shoots, it needs to be pruned hard at the end of every winter.

Franchet's Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster franchetii · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub known for its gray-green leaves, pink-white spring flowers and orange-red fruits that stay on the branches from autumn to winter. It is tolerant of drought and different soil types; its most important potential problem is fire blight (Erwinia).

Freesia

Freesia · Bulbs

A bulbous (cormous) plant known for its intensely fragrant flowers. It is planted in autumn, flowers in spring and goes dormant in summer. It likes full sun and well-drained soil, and its flower stalks usually need support.

French Broom

Genista monspessulana · Shrubs

A fast-growing, drought-tolerant shrub that fixes nitrogen. It prefers full-sun areas and well-drained, poor soils; it is used in the landscape for erosion control and as an ornamental, and it can be invasive in some regions.

French Marigold

Tagetes patula · Annuals

Needs plenty of sun and well-drained soil. With its compact form, it is excellent for borders, path edges and pots. Its pungent scent keeps some pests away, and it is a good companion plant for vegetable gardens.

French Rose

Rosa gallica · Shrubs

A rose of historical importance grown for its intensely fragrant flowers that likes sun and is drought tolerant. It spreads by root suckers to form groups of shrubs and is easier to care for than modern roses.

Fringed Rue

Ruta chalepensis · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is used in traditional medicine, but contact with the skin followed by sun exposure can cause dermatitis, so it should be handled with gloves.

Fritillaria caucasica

Fritillaria caucasica · Bulbs

A bulbous plant native to mountainous regions that flowers in spring and goes completely dormant in summer. The most important rule for growing it successfully is perfect drainage that keeps the soil dry, especially in the summer months.

Fumana aciphylla

Fumana aciphylla · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the dry, rocky slopes of Western Anatolia. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Fumana scoparia

Fumana scoparia · Shrubs

A heath-like evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Fumana thymifolia

Fumana thymifolia · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean, with thyme-like leaves, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Gall Oak

Quercus infectoria · Trees

An oak species that is extremely tolerant of drought and loves sunny, calcareous soils. The galls that form on it are rich in tannin and have traditionally been used for making ink and for dyeing.

Garden Balsam

Impatiens balsamina · Other plants

An old-fashioned annual shade plant that flowers along the stem (not to be confused with the dye-yielding henna tree, Lawsonia inermis). It likes partial shade and constantly moist soils; its ripe seed pods burst when touched and scatter the seeds around.

Garden Sage

Salvia x superba · Perennials

A very popular, long-flowering herbaceous plant that loves sun and well-drained soils and is drought tolerant. When pruned hard after the main flowering, it blooms abundantly again in autumn; it is very attractive to bees.

Gardenia

Gardenia jasminoides · Shrubs

A plant with wonderfully fragrant white flowers but very difficult to care for. To succeed, acidic soil, lime-free water (rainwater), high humidity and bright, indirect light are essential. Bud drop is its most common problem.

Garlic

Allium sativum · Vegetables & herbs

A very hardy bulb vegetable whose cloves are planted in autumn and harvested in summer. Winter cold is necessary for it to form bulbs.

Gasteria

Gasteria · Succulents & cacti

A hardy succulent that, unlike many other succulents, prefers bright but indirect light rather than direct sun. It has thick, tongue-shaped leaves and is very sensitive to overwatering; the soil must dry out completely between waterings.

Gaura

Oenothera lindheimeri · Perennials

A perennial that is very tolerant of heat and drought and produces small white-pink flowers that dance in the wind on thin, long stalks. It is ideal for natural and low-maintenance gardens.

Genista acanthoclada

Genista acanthoclada · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to the Aegean region. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens, dry slopes and erosion control.

Genista anatolica

Genista anatolica · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and very hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens, dry slopes and as an impenetrable ground cover.

Genista aucheri

Genista aucheri · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista burdurensis

Genista burdurensis · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub endemic to the Burdur area. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista carinalis

Genista carinalis · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista lydia

Genista lydia · Shrubs

A shrub native to Western Anatolia that grows spreading along the ground, very tolerant of drought and heat. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; excellent for rock gardens, wall tops and as a ground cover.

Genista parnassica

Genista parnassica · Shrubs

A slow-growing, cushion-forming ground-cover shrub that is extremely tolerant of drought and poor soil. It likes full sun and well-drained, gravelly soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Genista sandrasica

Genista sandrasica · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, extremely hardy shrub endemic to Turkey and found only on Mount Sandras. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained (especially serpentine) soil; it is a unique species for rock gardens and endemic plant collections.

Genista sessilifolia

Genista sessilifolia · Shrubs

An upright, deciduous shrub native to Turkey and the Balkans. It prefers full sun and dry, well-drained, poor soil; it is suitable for dry landscapes and natural gardens.

Genista vuralii

Genista vuralii · Shrubs

A critically endangered (CR) thorny, cushion-forming shrub endemic to Turkey and found only in the Karaman-Ermenek area. It likes chalky, well-drained rocky soil and full sun; it is a very valuable species for rock gardens and conservation collections.

Gerbera Daisy

Gerbera jamesonii · Other plants

A popular cut flower and ornamental plant grown for its large, daisy-like flowers. It loves sunny, well-drained and rich soils; overwatering and wetting the leaves should be avoided to prevent crown (root collar) rot.

Giant Sequoia

Sequoiadendron giganteum · Conifers

The largest tree in the world, native to California's Sierra Nevada mountains. It is not suitable for Izmir's hot summers and wet winters; to keep it alive it needs well-drained soil, regular deep irrigation when young and good air circulation.

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba · Trees

An extremely hardy deciduous tree regarded as a living fossil. It prefers full sun and well-drained soils; male trees, which do not drop fruit, are generally used in landscaping because the fruits of female trees smell bad.

Gladiolus

Gladiolus x hortulanus · Bulbs

A tuberous plant popular as a cut flower, with showy flowers on long spikes. It likes full sun and well-drained, sandy-loam soil; for best results it is recommended to plant the corms in spring and lift them in autumn.

Globe Artichoke

Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus · Vegetables & herbs

A perennial vegetable with gray-silvery leaves whose flower buds are eaten. It yields for 4-5 years in the same spot; it goes dormant in summer heat and regrows in autumn.

Globe Locust

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Umbraculifera' · Trees

A grafted acacia form with a round, umbrella-shaped crown used as a street and park tree. It does not flower and is tolerant of drought and polluted air.

Globe Thistle

Echinops ritro · Perennials

A very hardy plant with globe-shaped blue flower heads that blooms in summer. It likes full sun and poor, dry, well-drained soil; thanks to its drought tolerance it is ideal for water-saving gardens (xeriscape).

Glossy Abelia

Abelia grandiflora · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that produces light pink, funnel-shaped flowers from June to October. It likes sunny or partially shaded places and any well-drained soil. Suitable for hedges, borders or as a specimen.

Glossy Privet

Ligustrum lucidum · Shrubs

A very hardy, evergreen plant that can quickly reach tree form. It flowers in late summer and its seeds are spread by birds; it is considered a seriously invasive species in many regions.

Gloxinia

Sinningia spp. · Houseplants

A tuberous tropical houseplant grown for its large, velvety flowers. Success depends on striking the right balance between moist soil during the growing period and a completely dry tuber during the rest period; water should not touch its leaves.

Goat Willow

Salix caprea · Trees

A native willow species known for its showy catkins (pussy willows) that open in early spring, which loves moist but well-drained soils. Unlike other willows, it is more drought tolerant, and the best time to prune is right after flowering is over.

Golden Bamboo

Phyllostachys aurea · Other plants

An evergreen bamboo that grows fast and is used as a screen and noise barrier. Its rhizomes spread; a root barrier must always be used when planting.

Golden Cinquefoil

Potentilla aurea · Perennials

A cushion-forming perennial herbaceous plant native to the high mountain meadows of Europe and Turkey. It has bright yellow flowers that open in summer. It is suitable only for high-altitude regions with cool, humid summers; growing it in the hot, dry Mediterranean climate is nearly impossible.

Golden Hawk's-Beard

Crepis aurea · Perennials

A mountain (alpine) plant that loves full sun and very well-drained, gravelly, poor soils. It is suitable for rock gardens and is susceptible to root rot in extremely hot and humid climates.

Golden Marguerite

Anthemis tinctoria · Perennials

A very drought-tolerant plant that blooms all summer with yellow, daisy-like flowers. It likes full sun and well-drained, even poor soil; its worst enemy is heavy soil that stays wet in winter.

Golden Pothos

Epipremnum aureum · Houseplants

The easiest-care indoor vine, trailing or climbing, with variegated leaves. It grows fast in indirect light; water when the top of the soil dries out.

Golden Shrimp Plant

Pachystachys lutea · Shrubs

A tropical shrub known for its showy yellow flower clusters (bracts) that can stay in bloom for a long time. It likes spots with bright and indirect light and moist, rich, well-drained soil. It needs regular pruning to stay compact and bushy.

Goldenrod

Solidago spp. · Perennials

A hardy herbaceous plant that loves sun, grown for its bright yellow flower clusters that open in late summer and autumn. It is drought tolerant and very important for bees; some species (such as Canada Goldenrod) can spread aggressively by rhizomes.

Gorse

Ulex europaeus · Shrubs

A shrub that thrives in poor, acidic and sandy soils and is extremely tolerant of heat and drought. WARNING: This plant is considered invasive in many regions, can spread uncontrollably and is highly flammable.

Grape Hyacinth

Muscari · Bulbs

A hardy, easily spreading bulbous plant that flowers in spring with usually blue or purple flowers resembling grape clusters. It likes full sun or partial shade and well-drained soil. It is ideal for rock gardens, borders and under trees.

Grapefruit

Citrus paradisi · Trees

An evergreen citrus tree with large, juicy, slightly bitter fruits. It loves heat and is more sensitive to frost than the orange; it grows outdoors only in the frost-free coastal belt.

Grapevine

Vitis vinifera · Climbers

A deciduous vine grown for its fruit (grapes). It likes plenty of sun and deep, well-drained soil. Annual pruning, spraying and care are critical for good, abundant yields. Izmir is an ideal region for growing grapevines.

Gray Alder

Alnus incana · Trees

WARNING: This tree is native to cool, humid climates; it is NOT suitable for Izmir's hot, dry summers and its survival is very difficult. It fixes nitrogen with its roots and likes stream banks. Planting it is not recommended; Alnus cordata (Italian Alder) is a more suitable alternative.

Gray Poplar

Populus x canescens · Trees

A very fast-growing deciduous tree that is a natural hybrid of white poplar and aspen. It likes moist soils and is used as a windbreak. Like its parents, it has an aggressive root system that produces abundant suckers and can damage infrastructure.

Gray Willow

Salix cinerea · Shrubs

A native willow species that loves constantly moist and wet soils such as marshes, wet meadows and water edges. It is not drought tolerant; in the garden it can be grown only in a naturally wet area or at the edge of a pond.

Greek Juniper

Juniperus excelsa · Conifers

A majestic juniper tree native to Turkey's mountainous regions that is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and chalky soils. It needs full sun and well-drained soil; once planted in the garden it needs almost no care.

Greek Silk Vine

Periploca graeca · Climbers

A very fast-growing, woody, deciduous vine that is also native to Turkey. It is used to quickly cover large areas, hedges and pergolas; it has interesting purplish-brown flowers that open in summer. All parts of the plant are poisonous.

Greek Strawberry Tree

Arbutus andrachne · Shrubs

It likes full-sun areas and especially well-drained, poor, rocky soil. With its reddish smooth trunk, drought tolerance and evergreen habit, it is an excellent specimen plant for Mediterranean gardens.

Green Bean

Phaseolus vulgaris · Vegetables & herbs

An easy-to-grow legume that fixes nitrogen from the air into the soil. Pole varieties need support; bush (dwarf) varieties grow without it.

Groundsel Bush

Baccharis halimifolia · Shrubs

It is extremely tolerant of salt, drought and poor soil. However, because of its wind-dispersed seeds it is considered an invasive species in many countries, and planting it requires careful control and regular pruning.

Guelder Rose

Viburnum opulus · Shrubs

A shrub that prefers moist, well-drained soil and full sun or light shade. It is grown for its showy white spring flowers and bright red clustered berries in autumn. The fruit can be eaten after processing (pickling, etc.).

Guzmania

Guzmania lingulata · Houseplants

A tropical bromeliad with colorful, showy flower bracts (leaves) that last for months. It likes bright but indirect light, high humidity and an airy potting mix; watering is done by filling the funnel (rosette) in the center of the leaves with water.

Gypsophila olympica

Gypsophila olympica · Perennials

A rock garden plant native to Turkey and endemic to Uludağ that spreads in a cushion form. Full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, chalky soil are vital; overwatering causes root rot.

Hackberry

Celtis occidentalis · Trees

A deciduous tree of North American origin, very tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. Its adaptation to difficult urban conditions is excellent; although not as much as native hackberry species, it is drought tolerant and benefits from summer watering.

Hairy Broom

Cytisus villosus (syn. Genista villosa) · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, with hairy leaves and branches. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; ideal for natural gardens and erosion control.

Hairy Calycotome

Calycotome villosa · Shrubs

A thorny, xeric shrub typical of Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, calcareous soils; once established it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Halocnemum strobilaceum

Halocnemum strobilaceum · Shrubs

A succulent shrub with a jointed appearance that lives in the harshest conditions such as salt lakes and salt marshes and is extremely salt tolerant (an extreme halophyte). It loves full sun and needs almost no care in garden conditions.

Halocnemum yurdakulolii

Halocnemum yurdakulolii · Shrubs

An upright, succulent extreme halophyte endemic to Turkey that grows especially in the salty, gypsum-rich soils of the Çankırı-Çorum basin. It needs no care in garden conditions; fertilizing and overwatering kill the plant.

Halostachys caspica

Halostachys caspica · Shrubs

A shrub with fleshy, jointed branches that grows in salty and alkaline soils and is extremely salt tolerant (an extreme halophyte). It has high ecological value, requires zero care in garden conditions, and easily dies with wrong care (watering, fertilizing).

Halothamnus glaucus

Halothamnus glaucus · Shrubs

A shrub (xerophyte/halophyte) that grows in the saline, gypsum-rich deserts and steppes of Eastern Anatolia and Asia, extremely tolerant of drought and salt. It stands out with its bluish-gray color and requires no care (irrigation, fertilizing) in the garden.

Halothamnus hierochunticus

Halothamnus hierochunticus · Shrubs

An annual or short-lived perennial plant that grows in the dry, stony and saline deserts of Southeastern Anatolia and the Middle East. It is suitable for the most challenging, sunny and dry spots of the garden and can spread by self-seeding; it needs no care.

Hammada ramosissima

Hammada ramosissima · Shrubs

A shrub (xerophyte) extremely tolerant of drought, growing on the sandy and gravelly terrain of the deserts of Southeastern Anatolia and the Middle East. In garden conditions it requires no care such as irrigation or fertilizing, and such interventions harm the plant.

Harlequin Glorybower

Clerodendrum trichotomum · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its fragrant white flowers that open in late summer and, in autumn, its metallic blue fruit on a bright red background that replaces those flowers. Its root suckers are more manageable; for best performance it needs regular summer watering.

Hazelnut

Corylus avellana · Small trees

A deciduous fruit shrub that grows multi-stemmed in a clump, notable for its drooping yellow male catkins in winter. It likes a moist and cool climate; it is of Black Sea origin.

Heartleaf Ice Plant

Mesembryanthemum cordifolium (syn. Aptenia cordifolia) · Ground covers

A fast-spreading ground cover extremely tolerant of drought, with fleshy leaves and small pink flowers that open in sunny weather. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; its biggest enemy is overwatering and winter wetness.

Heath

Erica · Shrubs

Evergreen shrubs that generally produce pink, purple or white flowers. Almost all species need acidic (lime-free), well-drained soil and full sun; in Manisa's alkaline soils they cannot survive without special soil preparation.

Heather

Calluna vulgaris · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that likes cool climates and acidic, lime-free soil. It is very difficult to grow in the garden because of Izmir's alkaline soils and hot summers; it should be kept in a pot using acidic (lime-free) peat and protected from afternoon sun.

Heavenly Bamboo

Nandina domestica · Shrubs

A compact evergreen shrub that is decorative in all four seasons with its leaves that turn red in winter and its red fruits. It needs little care; its coloring is stronger in the sun.

Helianthemum canum

Helianthemum canum · Shrubs

A sun- and heat-loving, silver-leaved, spreading, evergreen rock garden shrub. It needs plenty of sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; light pruning after flowering keeps the plant young and shapely.

Helianthemum syriacum

Helianthemum syriacum · Shrubs

A sun-loving, evergreen rock garden shrub native to the Eastern Mediterranean. Extremely tolerant of drought, it requires full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; light pruning after flowering keeps the plant healthy and compact.

Hellebore

Helleborus spp. · Perennials

Evergreen shade plants that flower in winter and spring; they have rhizomatous roots, not bulbs. To get through Izmir's hot summers they need full shade and rich soil kept constantly moist all summer.

Hiba Arborvitae

Thujopsis dolabrata · Conifers

Native to the moist forests of Japan; it prefers partial shade (especially afternoon shade) and moist, well-drained, acidic soils. It is a difficult plant to grow in Izmir's hot and dry climate, requiring generous summer irrigation and a sheltered position.

Highbush Blueberry

Vaccinium corymbosum · Shrubs

A fruit shrub that needs acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), organic-matter-rich and moist soil. In calcareous soil, or when watered with hard water, its leaves turn yellow; for this reason it is mostly grown in pots or in a special mix.

Himalayan White Pine

Pinus wallichiana · Conifers

A very elegant evergreen pine with long, drooping clusters of soft, bluish-green needles. Its homeland is the cool, humid slopes of the Himalayas; it is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate. Under stress it becomes vulnerable to fungal diseases and pests.

Horned Violet

Viola cornuta · Annuals

A seasonal bedding plant that likes cool weather and adds color from autumn through spring. It prefers plenty of sun (it loves winter sun) and moist, well-drained soil. In Izmir it is planted in autumn, blooms through winter and spring, and finishes its life with the summer heat.

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum · Trees

A large, majestic park tree that provides shade. It prefers moist, well-drained soils and sunny or partially shaded areas. It is susceptible to horse chestnut leaf miner and to diseases such as canker.

Hosta tardiflora

Hosta tardiflora · Perennials

A shade plant grown for its foliage that flowers in autumn. To survive in Izmir it absolutely needs full shade and rich, organic soil kept constantly moist throughout the summer; snails and slugs are its greatest enemies.

Hottentot Fig

Carpobrotus edulis · Other plants

An extremely hardy, fast-spreading succulent ground cover often seen in coastal regions and along roadsides. It likes full sun and well-drained, sandy soils; it is tolerant of drought and salt spray but can be invasive in the garden.

Hungarian Oak

Quercus frainetto · Trees

A large shade tree suitable for large areas, loving full sun and tolerant of drought. It is used as a specimen in the landscape and its timber is valuable.

Hyacinth

Hyacinthus orientalis · Bulbs

A classic spring bulb known for its intensely fragrant flowers. It needs full sun, well-drained soil and a dry resting period in summer; after the flowers fade, the leaves should be allowed to die back on their own to feed the bulb.

Hydrangea

Hydrangea macrophylla · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that blooms all summer with large, ball-shaped flowers and likes partial shade and moist soil. Flower color depends on the soil: it blooms blue in acidic soil and pink in calcareous soil.

Hymenocrater bituminosus

Hymenocrater bituminosus · Shrubs

An aromatic and extremely drought-tolerant shrub native to the Aegean and Mediterranean region. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; an ideal, low-maintenance plant for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Hypericum hircinum

Hypericum hircinum · Shrubs

A semi-evergreen shrub whose leaves give off a goat-like smell when crushed. To succeed in Izmir's hot climate it needs a partially or fully shaded position along with moist soil.

Hypericum lydium

Hypericum lydium · Shrubs

A ground cover endemic to Western Anatolia that spreads in a cushion form and is extremely tolerant of drought. It loves full sun and well-drained, gravelly soils; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry areas and needs almost no maintenance.

Hypericum orientale

Hypericum orientale · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, drought-tolerant ground cover native to the Eastern Mediterranean, growing in rocky and mountainous areas. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; excellent for alpine and rock gardens.

Hypericum origanifolium

Hypericum origanifolium · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant ground cover native to Turkey with thyme-like leaves that spreads in a cushion form. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, chalky soil; it is ideal for rock gardens.

Hypericum perfoliatum

Hypericum perfoliatum · Shrubs

A perennial herbaceous plant known for its leaves that appear to pass through the stem, whose above-ground parts die back in winter. It is extremely tolerant of drought and poor soils and can spread and expand by its roots.

Hypericum rupestre

Hypericum rupestre · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, drought-tolerant native St. John's wort species growing on rocky and steep slopes. Perfect drainage, full sun and gravelly soils are vital; ideal for rock walls and alpine gardens.

Hypericum ternatum

Hypericum ternatum · Shrubs

An elegant St. John's wort species endemic to Southwestern Anatolia, distinguished by its leaves arranged in threes. In addition to well-drained and calcareous soils, because it grows on rocky outcrops in forests it prefers bright or partially shaded areas protected from afternoon sun.

Hypericum vacciniifolium

Hypericum vacciniifolium · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant ground cover endemic to Southern Anatolia, spreading in a cushion form, with bilberry-like leaves. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens.

Hypericum xylosteifolium

Hypericum xylosteifolium · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub endemic to the coasts of Turkey that is tolerant of salt spray and drought. It likes full sun and perfectly drained, chalky soil; it is an excellent, low-maintenance plant for gardens by the sea.

Ilex colchica

Ilex colchica · Small trees

An evergreen butcher's broom species native to the Black Sea region. For fruit set, a male plant must be planted near the female plants (dioecious). In Izmir it needs partial shade and moist, acidic soils; it is sensitive to drought and heat.

Incense Cedar

Calocedrus decurrens · Conifers

An evergreen tree with a narrow, columnar form and aromatic leaves. It is quite drought tolerant but needs regular irrigation when young; in the landscape it is used alone as an accent tree or to form a tight hedge.

Inula ensifolia

Inula ensifolia · Perennials

A perennial herbaceous plant with daisy-like yellow flowers, extremely tolerant of drought and poor soil. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry borders.

Italian Alder

Alnus cordata · Trees

A fast-growing tree that enriches the soil by fixing nitrogen from the air through the nodules on its roots. It can grow even in difficult and infertile soils and is used for roadside planting and as a windbreak.

Italian Cypress

Cupressus sempervirens · Trees

One of the emblematic trees of the Mediterranean climate; extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils. It needs full sun and excellent drainage, and is used in the landscape as a vertical element, windbreak and boundary tree.

Jacaranda

Jacaranda mimosifolia · Trees

A subtropical tree known for its magnificent lavender-blue flowers that open in late spring. It is sensitive to frost when young and should be protected; it needs pruning at an early age to build a strong main trunk.

Jade Plant

Crassula ovata · Succulents & cacti

A popular, easy-care succulent; it needs plenty of sun and well-drained soil that dries out completely between waterings. Its biggest enemy is root rot caused by overwatering, and its most common pest is mealybugs.

Japanese Angelica Tree

Aralia elata · Small trees

Likes sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained soils. It is used as a specimen in the landscape and offers a tropical look with its thorny trunk and large, compound leaves. Its spreading root suckers must be kept under control.

Japanese Aralia

Fatsia japonica · Shrubs

It likes partially or fully shaded areas and rich, moist soil. It is used in the landscape to create texture in shady areas or as a pot plant; its large glossy leaves add a tropical feel.

Japanese Barberry

Berberis thunbergii · Shrubs

A popular deciduous ornamental shrub of Japanese origin, with colorful leaves (red, purple, yellow) and thorns. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; it is used especially as a border and hedge plant.

Japanese Cedar

Cryptomeria japonica · Trees

It likes humid, cool climates and acidic, well-drained soil. It is difficult to grow in regions with hot, dry summers such as Manisa, and needs regular watering and protection from midday sun.

Japanese Flowering Cherry

Prunus serrulata · Trees

A non-fruiting ornamental tree covered in a cloud of pink flowers in April. It dislikes hard pruning; it needs well-drained soil and full sun.

Japanese Honeysuckle

Lonicera japonica · Climbers

A fast-growing, hardy and fragrant climber; it can be aggressive if not kept under control. It tolerates conditions from full sun to partial shade and performs best in well-drained soils.

Japanese Larch

Larix kaempferi · Conifers

A decorative conifer that sheds its needles in autumn. Because it is native to Japan's cool, humid mountains, Izmir's hot, dry climate is completely unsuitable for this tree to survive, and planting it is not recommended.

Japanese Laurel

Aucuba japonica · Small trees

Likes partial or full shade and moist, well-drained soil. Direct sun scorches its leaves and causes black spots. A hardy shrub that is ideal for greening shady and problem areas of gardens.

Japanese Lawn Grass

Warm-season grasses

A warm-season grass that is very tolerant of heat, drought and foot traffic and forms a dense, carpet-like texture. It goes dormant in winter as its color turns yellow. Because of its dense structure it is prone to thatch and needs regular aeration.

Japanese Maple

Acer palmatum · Trees

A slow-growing small tree famous for its graceful structure and striking leaf colors. It prefers partially shaded sites protected from the scorching afternoon sun and harsh winds, and moist, acidic, well-drained soil; it is used in gardens as an artistic focal point.

Japanese Pagoda Tree

Sophora japonica · Trees

A popular ornamental and shade tree that loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and urban pollution. It is decorative with its fragrant white flowers that open in late summer and interesting seed pods; it is very easy to care for.

Japanese Pittosporum

Pittosporum tobira · Shrubs

A very popular evergreen shrub with glossy, leathery leaves and dense white flowers scented like orange blossom that open in spring. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and salt. Because it responds very well to pruning, it is an excellent choice for hedges, screening and low-maintenance landscapes.

Japanese Plum Yew

Cephalotaxus harringtonia · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen shrub that is ideal for shaded areas. In hot climates it must be protected from full sun; once established it is surprisingly tolerant of drought in shade.

Japanese Privet

Ligustrum japonicum · Shrubs

A fast-growing, evergreen, extremely hardy hedge and screening plant. It responds very well to frequent pruning and takes shape easily; because its seeds are spread by birds, it can be invasive in some regions.

Japanese Quince

Chaenomeles japonica (syn. Cydonia japonica) · Shrubs

A hardy, thorny shrub that is often the herald of spring, flowering before its leaves. It tolerates full sun or partial shade and most soil types, and its fruits are used to make jam.

Japanese Rose

Kerria japonica · Shrubs

A shade-loving shrub that produces bright yellow flowers in spring and is of interest in winter for its green stems. Because it flowers on old branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends; it spreads by sending up shoots from its base.

Japanese Snowball

Viburnum plicatum · Shrubs

It has a very elegant, architectural appearance with its horizontal, layered branch structure. It prefers moist, well-drained and slightly acidic soil and full sun or light shade. It needs regular summer watering in hot climates.

Japanese Spindle

Euonymus japonicus · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub with a dense habit that is very suitable for pruning, so it is generally used as a hedge plant. It is susceptible to powdery mildew and scale insects and needs regular inspection.

Japanese Umbrella Pine

Sciadopitys verticillata · Conifers

A collector's tree native to the cool, humid mountains of Japan, slow-growing and fond of acidic, moist soils. Izmir's hot, dry and calcareous conditions are fatal for this plant; it can be attempted only in specially prepared acidic soil, in partial shade and with constant irrigation using lime-free water.

Jelly Palm

Butia capitata · Palms

A slow-growing palm with arching gray-blue leaves, one of the most cold-hardy palms. It produces orange edible fruits; it is drought tolerant.

Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis fruticosa · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub, also known as Jerusalem sage, striking for its woolly, gray-green leaves and bright yellow flower whorls that open in summer. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat; it loves full sun and poor, very well-drained calcareous soils. A popular choice for dry landscapes.

Judas Tree

Cercis siliquastrum · Trees

A small deciduous tree whose homeland is the Mediterranean basin. It is famous for its pink-purple flowers that open directly on the branches and trunk in spring before the leaves; it is very tolerant of drought and calcareous soils.

Jujube

Ziziphus jujuba · Small trees

A small fruit tree with thorny branches, very tolerant of dry, hot and calcareous conditions. It wakes late; in autumn it bears small red-brown fruits that taste like apple.

Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana · Succulents & cacti

A popular succulent with fleshy leaves and long-lasting colorful flowers. To flower again, it must spend about 6 weeks in autumn in uninterrupted darkness for 14 hours a day (short days); overwatering rots its roots.

Kentucky Bluegrass

Poa pratensis · Lawn grasses

A lawn grass valued in cool climates for its beautiful color and ability to repair itself. It likes full sun and fertile soil. It is not suitable for the hot, dry summers of the Aegean climate; in that period it needs excessive watering to survive and becomes very vulnerable to fungal diseases (such as summer patch).

Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn

Cool-season grasses

Known for its dense, self-repairing texture and bluish-green color, but it germinates slowly and its care demands attention. It struggles in the summer months in hot regions like Izmir and is better suited to cool, high-altitude plateau climates.

Kidney Weed

Dichondra repens · Lawn grasses

A broad-leaved ground cover used as a lawn alternative that does not tolerate foot traffic. In hot climates like Manisa it prefers partially or fully shaded areas and moist, well-drained soil.

Kikuyu Grass

Warm-season grasses

It grows very fast in full-sun areas and is tolerant of drought and heavy use. Because it is aggressively spreading, it requires frequent mowing and control; it is especially suitable for the frost-free coastal strip of the Mediterranean and Aegean.

Kiwi

Actinidia deliciosa · Climbers

A vigorous, deciduous fruiting climber that needs a pergola or wire system. For fruit, female and male plants must be planted together; it needs plenty of water.

Kumquat

Citrus japonica · Small trees

A compact evergreen citrus that produces small oval fruits eaten with the peel. It is among the most cold-hardy of the citrus; suitable for pots and small gardens.

Lantana

Lantana camara · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub that blooms continuously all summer and loves sun, heat and drought. Its leaves and unripe fruit are poisonous; it can also be invasive in some regions, so its spread should be kept under control.

Large-Flowered Tickseed

Coreopsis grandiflora · Perennials

A sun- and heat-loving, long-flowering, easy-care perennial. It likes full sun and well-drained soils; regularly removing spent flowers (deadheading) is very important to encourage continuous blooming.

Large-Leaved Linden

Tilia platyphyllos · Trees

This linden, known for its broad leaves, prefers cool and moist climates; it is sensitive to heat and drought. For healthy growth in Izmir's climate it needs regular, generous irrigation, especially in summer, and a spot where it is partially protected from afternoon sun.

Larkspur

Delphinium grandiflorum · Perennials

A showy flowering plant that likes cool climates; in Manisa's hot summers it is usually grown as an annual. It needs afternoon shade and well-drained, rich soil; all parts of it are poisonous.

Laurel-Leaved Rockrose

Cistus laurifolius · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub whose homeland is the Mediterranean basin, which includes Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is ideal for dry gardens.

Laurustinus

Viburnum tinus · Shrubs

A very hardy evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean climate. It tolerates drought, heat and partial shade. With its white flowers with pink buds that open in winter and spring, followed by metallic blue fruits, it is decorative all year round.

Lawn Area

Planting features

Lawson Cypress

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana · Conifers

An evergreen tree that likes cool, humid climates and acidic, well-drained soil. It is extremely susceptible to Izmir's hot, dry summers, its chalky soils and especially to the deadly root rot (Phytophthora) that occurs when it is watered in warm soil, so growing it in this region is strongly discouraged.

Lemon

Citrus limon · Trees

A citrus that can carry flowers and fruit together year-round. Sensitive to frost; in cold regions, grow it in a pot and move it indoors to a sheltered place for winter.

Lemon Balm

Melissa officinalis · Perennials

An easy-to-grow aromatic perennial known for its lemon-scented leaves. It likes partial shade; because it self-seeds and spreads, the flower stalks should be removed early.

Lemongrass

Cymbopogon citratus · Perennials

A clump-forming tropical grass with long, lemon-scented, ribbon-like leaves. It loves heat and plenty of water; it does not tolerate frost and is overwintered in a pot in cold regions.

Lenten Rose

Helleborus orientalis · Perennials

An evergreen, shade-loving plant that flowers in late winter and early spring. To get through Izmir's hot and dry summers it must be planted in full shade or with only morning sun, in rich and constantly moist soil.

Lettuce

Lactuca sativa · Vegetables & herbs

A fast-growing leafy vegetable that likes cool weather. It bolts and turns bitter in summer heat; it does best in spring and autumn.

Leyland Cypress

xCuprocyparis leylandii · Conifers

A hybrid cypress known for its very fast growth, often used for screening and hedges. It likes full sun and well-drained soil. Because it grows fast, it needs regular pruning and summer watering to keep its shape and stay healthy.

Lilac

Syringa vulgaris · Shrubs

For best flowering it likes plenty of sun and well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline soils. It needs winter chilling to form flower buds, so in very mild climates such as Izmir, flowering may not be guaranteed every year.

Lily

Lilium spp. · Bulbs

A bulbous plant that produces showy and often fragrant flowers. It likes its roots cool and its head in the sun ('cool feet, warm head'); therefore its base should be mulched or shaded by other plants. The flower stalk should not be cut until the leaves turn yellow.

Lisianthus

Eustoma grandiflorum · Perennials

A valuable cut flower known for its elegant, rose-like flowers. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils but is very sensitive to root rot; the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings.

Lobelia

Lobelia erinus · Annuals

A cool-weather annual generally known for its delicate flowers in blue and purple shades. In Izmir's summer heat flowering stops and the plant deteriorates, so it must be kept in a cool, moist spot that gets afternoon shade.

London Plane

Platanus x acerifolia · Trees

A hybrid of the Oriental plane and the American sycamore, a large shade tree extremely tolerant of urban conditions (air pollution, compacted soil). It grows fast and has a decorative, mottled, peeling bark. It is often preferred in landscaping because it is more resistant to anthracnose than the American sycamore.

Longleaf Speedwell

Veronica longifolia · Perennials

An elegant plant known for its spike-shaped blue-purple flowers that open in summer. It likes plenty of sun or light shade and moist but well-drained soil. It is not drought tolerant, so in hot climates like Izmir it needs regular summer watering.

Loquat

Eriobotrya japonica · Trees

An evergreen fruit tree with large, deeply veined leaves. It flowers in autumn and its fruits ripen in spring; therefore winter frosts affect fruit set.

Lupine

Lupinus · Perennials

Likes sunny areas and well-drained, slightly acidic soils. Because its roots fix nitrogen, it enriches the soil; it is used in borders and meadow gardens.

Lycian Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis lycia · Shrubs

An extremely drought-loving and hardy shrub with gray, woolly leaves, endemic only to southwestern Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, chalky, very well-drained soil. It is a valuable species for natural gardens, rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Lycium anatolicum

Lycium anatolicum · Shrubs

A shrub native to Anatolia that loves full sun and is very tolerant of drought and poor soils. It is used in landscaping and for erosion control, and its fruits (buckthorn berries) are edible.

Lycium schweinfurthii

Lycium schweinfurthii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, extremely tolerant of salt and drought. It loves full sun and sandy, well-drained soils. It is used especially in coastal landscaping, for erosion control and as a natural hedge.

Lycium shawii

Lycium shawii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa, adapted to desert climates. It tolerates intense sun, extreme drought and sandy-gravelly soils. In Turkey it can be considered only in the hottest and driest regions (e.g. rural Şanlıurfa, Mardin) for special xeriscape applications.

Madagascar Jasmine

Stephanotis floribunda · Houseplants

Needs a spot with plenty of light but no direct sun, and high humidity. The soil should be kept constantly moist, but no water should be left standing in the saucer. It should not be moved once it starts budding.

Madagascar Periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus (syn. Vinca rosea) · Annuals

An annual that blooms all summer and is exceptionally tolerant of full sun, heat and drought. Its worst enemies are overwatering and poor drainage, which lead to root rot. It is one of the most ideal and trouble-free plants for Izmir's hot summers.

Maidenhair Fern

Adiantum · Houseplants

It has very delicate, fine leaves. It likes spots without direct sunlight that are bright, highly humid and free of drafts. Keeping its soil constantly moist is critical.

Mandarin

Citrus reticulata · Trees

An evergreen citrus tree with fragrant white flowers that bears fruit in winter. Suitable for the frost-free coastal belt and for pots; it must be protected in winter in cold regions.

Mandevilla

Mandevilla sanderi · Climbers

A tropical vine that produces tubular pink-red flowers all summer. It does not tolerate frost; in cold regions it is grown in a pot and brought indoors in winter.

Manna Ash

Fraxinus ornus · Trees

A deciduous tree native to the Mediterranean climate and Turkey, known for its showy, fragrant white flower clusters that open in late spring. It is tolerant of drought and calcareous soils and is a good choice for Manisa's climate.

Maritime Pine

Pinus pinaster · Conifers

A fast-growing pine native to the Western Mediterranean, known for its long, thick needles and large cones. It likes well-drained, sandy and acidic soils; it is sensitive to calcareous (alkaline) soils. It is used on the coast as a windbreak and for afforestation.

Mediterranean Fan Palm

Chamaerops humilis · Palms

The only palm species native to the Mediterranean; extremely tolerant of heat, drought, wind and calcareous soils. With its slow-growing, multi-stemmed (shrub-like) habit it is excellent for dry gardens and pots; once established it needs very little care.

Mediterranean Saltbush

Atriplex halimus · Shrubs

It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soil. With its exceptional tolerance of salt and drought, it is an ideal hedge and windbreak plant for coastal areas. Its silvery leaves create contrast in the landscape.

Medlar

Mespilus germanica · Small trees

A hardy, traditional small tree whose fruit is eaten only after it has ripened and become soft ('bletted' after cold). It likes full sun or partial shade and adapts to most soil types. It is also ornamental, with spring flowers and autumn leaf color.

Melon

Cucumis melo · Vegetables & herbs

A sprawling fruit vegetable that loves hot, dry summers. Little water during ripening makes the fruit sweeter.

Mexican Bird of Paradise

Caesalpinia gilliesii · Shrubs

A shrub with exotic flowers that loves heat and sun and is very drought tolerant. It needs well-drained soil; remember that the seed pods and seeds are poisonous.

Mondo Grass

Ophiopogon japonicus · Ground covers

An evergreen ground cover that is excellent for shady areas where traditional lawn will not grow. It spreads slowly, needs no mowing and requires very little care. It likes partial or full shade and moist, humus-rich soils; direct sun can scorch its leaves.

Monkey Puzzle Tree

Araucaria araucana · Conifers

It prefers full-sun areas and very well-drained, slightly acidic soil. It is a slow-growing tree used as a specimen (single) in parks and large gardens because of its unique symmetrical form.

Monkshood

Aconitum napellus · Perennials

ALL PARTS ARE VERY POISONOUS; always use gloves when working with it and keep it strictly away from children and pets. It likes cool, moist, humus-rich soil and partially shaded conditions.

Monterey Cypress

Cupressus macrocarpa · Trees

A fast-growing cypress adapted to the Mediterranean climate. It needs full sun and well-drained soil, but the extreme summer heat of Manisa can stress the tree and make it susceptible to cypress canker (Seiridium).

Monterey Pine

Pinus radiata · Conifers

One of the fastest-growing pines in the world, native to California. It loves cool, foggy and humid coastal climates; it is not suitable for regions with Turkey's hot, dry summers. Under stress it becomes very vulnerable to fungal diseases such as Diplodia and to bark beetles.

Montpellier Rockrose

Cistus monspeliensis · Shrubs

A typical evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis with sticky, aromatic leaves. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is ideal for dry gardens.

Morning Glory

Ipomoea purpurea · Other plants

A fast-growing annual climber whose showy, funnel-shaped flowers open in the morning and close in the afternoon. It needs a support such as a fence or pole to climb; excessive nitrogen fertilizer produces leaves but prevents flowering.

Moss Rose

Portulaca grandiflora · Succulents & cacti

A spreading annual with succulent leaves that is extremely tolerant of heat and drought. It is known for its silky, brightly colored flowers that open on sunny days. It likes poor, sandy, very well-drained soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and hot, dry areas.

Moth Orchid

Phalaenopsis · Perennials

One of the most popular indoor orchids, known for its long-lasting, elegant flowers. It is planted not in soil but in airy special orchid mixes such as bark. It likes bright places without direct sun (indirect light); the biggest risk is overwatering, which rots its roots.

Moth Plant

Araujia sericifera · Climbers

It likes full-sun areas and well-drained soil. It is an invasive species that spreads easily by seed and can smother other plants if not kept under control, so care should be taken. Its milky sap can cause skin irritation.

Mountain Hemlock

Tsuga mertensiana · Conifers

Native to high-altitude, cool and snowy mountains; it needs cool air, humidity and constantly wet-cool soil. It cannot tolerate heat, drought or humid heat at all, so it is absolutely NOT suitable for Izmir's climate and keeping it alive is almost impossible.

Mountain Pine

Pinus mugo · Conifers

An evergreen pine native to the high mountains of Europe, usually dwarf and spreading in form. It is popular for rock gardens. It loves full sun and well-drained soils but is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate; under these conditions it becomes very susceptible to spider mites and fungal diseases.

Multiflora Broom

Cytisus multiflorus (syn. Cytisus albus) · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub covered in white flowers in late spring and early summer. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; pruning after flowering is important to maintain its shape and control its spread.

Myrtle

Myrtus communis · Shrubs

The classic evergreen shrub of Mediterranean gardens, with fragrant leaves and white flowers that open in early summer. It is tolerant of drought and pruning; used as a hedge and topiary plant.

Neoregelia

Neoregelia · Perennials

A bromeliad species grown for its colorful leaves. Before flowering, the leaves in the center turn bright red, pink or purple. It likes bright, filtered light and an airy, soilless potting mix (such as orchid mix), and water is poured first into the central leaf cup (rosette).

Nerve Plant

Fittonia albivenis · Houseplants

A tropical, spreading plant known for its leaves with colorful veins. Its most important need is high humidity, so it is ideal for terrariums or bathrooms. It should be protected from direct sunlight and dry air.

Nidularium

Nidularium · Perennials

A bromeliad species whose center leaves take on bright colors before flowering, creating a 'nest'-like appearance. Compared with other bromeliads it tolerates less light (partial shade/shade). It holds water in its central leaf cup and needs an airy potting mix (such as orchid mix).

Nitraria schoberi

Nitraria schoberi · Shrubs

A shrub native to the salty steppes of Central Anatolia, extremely tolerant of severe drought, salinity and alkaline soils. It is used for erosion control and reclamation of barren land; its small red fruit is edible. It does not need ordinary garden soil.

Noaea mucronata

Noaea mucronata · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming subshrub native to the dry steppe and mountainous regions of Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly, calcareous soils and is extremely tolerant of drought. It is rarely used in landscaping; it is mostly part of the natural ecosystem.

Nordmann Fir

Abies nordmanniana · Trees

An evergreen forest tree that likes shade and partial shade and prefers cool, deep soils. In parks and gardens it is used decoratively in the landscape as a specimen or in groups.

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra · Trees

A landscape tree that prefers sunny areas and well-drained, acidic soils, grown for its showy red autumn color. It is very sensitive to calcareous (alkaline) soils and tends to develop chlorosis (yellowing).

Norway Maple

Acer platanoides · Trees

A large, fast-growing tree with big leaves resembling those of the plane tree that casts dense shade. It is extremely tolerant of urban conditions and different soil types; however, its shallow root system can prevent other plants from growing, and it is suitable for parks and large areas.

Norway Spruce

Picea abies · Conifers

An evergreen tree of pyramidal form native to cold and cool climates. It likes moist, cool, well-drained, acidic soil. It is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate; under these conditions it becomes stressed and very susceptible to pests (especially bark beetles).

Okra

Abelmoschus esculentus · Vegetables & herbs

A tall summer vegetable tolerant of heat and drought. If sown before the soil has warmed thoroughly it will not germinate; it needs plenty of sun.

Old Man's Beard

Clematis vitalba · Climbers

An extremely vigorous, fast-growing and aggressive vine native to Turkey. Because it has a very high potential to get out of control, smother other plants and become invasive, its use in gardens is strongly discouraged.

Oleander

Nerium oleander · Shrubs

A long-flowering Mediterranean shrub very tolerant of drought and salt. Warning: all parts of the plant are poisonous; it should not be planted in children's play areas.

Oleaster-Leaved Pear

Pyrus elaeagrifolia · Trees

A thorny and very hardy wild pear species native to Anatolia, striking for its silvery-gray leaves. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. It is suitable for xeric gardens in the landscape and is a valuable rootstock for pear cultivars.

Olive

Olea europaea · Trees

The emblematic tree of the Mediterranean climate. Very drought tolerant, but damaged by hard and prolonged frosts. Needs well-drained soil.

Onion

Allium cepa · Vegetables & herbs

A bulb vegetable grown from sets or seed and eaten fresh or dried. It needs dry soil as harvest approaches; too much water rots the bulb.

Orange

Citrus sinensis · Trees

An evergreen citrus tree known for its fragrant white flowers and fruits that ripen in winter. It is grown in the garden in the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal belt and in pots in cold regions; it needs well-drained soil.

Orange Coneflower

Rudbeckia fulgida · Perennials

A hardy herbaceous plant that likes sun and blooms for a long time from midsummer to autumn. It is moderately drought tolerant, but in Izmir it performs best with regular watering; removing faded flowers extends flowering.

Orchid Cactus

Epiphyllum · Houseplants

A forest cactus generally known for its giant, fragrant flowers that open at night. It should be protected from direct sun and likes a bright environment with well-drained soil. It needs a cool, dry winter rest period in order to flower.

Oregon Grape

Mahonia aquifolium · Shrubs

A thorny, evergreen shrub that is ideal for shaded and partially shaded areas. It is decorative with its bright yellow flower clusters, bluish-black fruits and leaves that turn bronze-purple in winter. It likes moist, well-drained, acidic soils rich in organic matter.

Oriental Arborvitae

Platycladus orientalis · Conifers

An extremely hardy evergreen shrub or small tree known for its vertical, flattened sprays of foliage. It is very tolerant of drought, heat and most soil types (including calcareous). It is widely used especially as a hedge, windbreak and cemetery plant.

Oriental Beech

Fagus orientalis · Trees

A large tree native to the cool, humid and rainy mountain forests of Northern Anatolia. Growing it in Manisa's Mediterranean climate with hot, dry and long summers is absolutely impossible and should not be attempted.

Oriental Plane

Platanus orientalis · Trees

A long-lived deciduous shade tree of monumental and cultural importance in Turkey. Although it likes deep, moist soil, it is quite drought tolerant. It is known for its mottled, flaking bark and broad shade; it is much more resistant to anthracnose than the American Sycamore.

Oriental Spruce

Picea orientalis · Conifers

An elegant evergreen tree native to the cool, rainy mountains of the Eastern Black Sea region. It likes moist and acidic soils. It is completely unsuitable for the hot, dry Aegean climate; if planted under these conditions it needs intensive care and, due to stress, remains extremely vulnerable to pests and diseases.

Oriental Sweetgum

Liquidambar orientalis · Trees

A valuable tree endemic to Southwestern Anatolia and regarded as a 'living fossil'. Because it grows in wet and marshy areas, it is sensitive to drought and in Izmir it can live only in places that stay constantly moist, such as stream banks, or that are watered regularly and generously.

Ornamental Asparagus

Asparagus spp. (ornamental) · Houseplants

Likes bright places without direct sun (indirect light) and a humid environment. A popular houseplant known for its air-purifying properties, used in pots and hanging baskets.

Ornamental Kale

Brassica oleracea var. acephala · Annuals

An annual that adds color to gardens in winter months and loves cold weather. It prefers full sun and fertile, moist soils; its color reaches its most vivid with the onset of cold weather.

Pampas Grass

Cortaderia selloana · Flowers

A giant ornamental grass that stands out for its large, plumed flower heads. The leaf edges are razor sharp. It can be invasive in some regions.

Parlor Palm

Chamaedorea elegans · Houseplants

A popular houseplant known for its tolerance of low light and easy care. It should be protected from direct sunlight and the top of its soil should be allowed to dry between waterings; dry indoor environments increase the risk of spider mites.

Parsley

Petroselinum crispum · Vegetables & herbs

A biennial kitchen herb that can be harvested year-round. Its seed germinates slowly and unevenly; it takes patience.

Pea

Pisum sativum · Vegetables & herbs

A cool-season, climbing legume. It is sown in autumn or early spring; yield drops quickly in summer heat.

Peace Lily

Spathiphyllum spp. · Houseplants

It likes bright but indirect light; direct sun can scorch its leaves. It prefers airy, humus-rich, well-drained soil. It is a popular air-purifying plant.

Peach

Prunus persica · Trees

An early-flowering fruit tree. The tree itself is cold hardy, but its flowers are easily damaged by late spring frosts.

Peach-Leaved Bellflower

Campanula persicifolia · Perennials

A perennial that likes cool, humid conditions and produces graceful towers of flowers. It becomes stressed in Izmir's hot summers, so it should be protected from afternoon sun and its soil kept constantly moist.

Pearl Bush

Exochorda · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its pearl-like buds and pure white flowers in spring. Manisa's chalky soils and hot summers are challenging for it; it needs well-drained, slightly acidic soil, afternoon shade and regular summer watering.

Pentapera sicula

Pentapera sicula (syn. Erica sicula) · Shrubs

A rare, acid-loving heath found in Turkey only around Marmaris-Datça. To grow it in Manisa's chalky soils, a special acidic soil bed and lime-free water are essential.

Peony

Paeonia lactiflora · Perennials

A very long-lived, extremely cold-hardy perennial with large, fragrant flowers in May-June. It dislikes being moved; if planted too deep it will not bloom.

Peperomia

Peperomia · Perennials

A popular houseplant, usually compact, that shows great variety in leaf texture, shape and color. It likes spots with bright but indirect light and an airy, very well-drained potting soil. The biggest risk is root rot caused by overwatering, so the soil should be allowed to dry before watering.

Pepper

Capsicum annuum · Vegetables & herbs

A heat-loving fruit vegetable that is very sensitive to frost. It comes in types such as long pointed, Charleston, bell and kapya peppers. It is planted later than tomato and needs the soil to be warm.

Perennial Ryegrass

Lolium perenne · Lawn grasses

Because it is a cool-season grass, it cannot survive Izmir's hot summers and is generally used for overseeding in autumn to keep warm-season lawn areas, such as Bermuda grass, which usually turns yellow in winter, green.

Perennial Ryegrass Lawn

Cool-season grasses

It germinates very quickly and is known for its bright green color, but it is sensitive to heat and drought. It is generally used in cool regions or for overseeding Bermuda grass in hot regions (Aegean, Mediterranean) to keep it green in winter.

Persian Ivy

Hedera colchica · Climbers

One of the largest-leaved ivy species and native to the Black Sea region. It likes moist environments between partial shade and shade and must be protected from Izmir's hot sun; like all ivies, it needs regular pruning because of its invasive potential.

Persian Silk Tree

Albizia julibrissin · Trees

An umbrella-shaped ornamental tree known for its pink, silky summer flowers and delicate, fern-like leaves. It likes full sun, heat and well-drained soil; it is drought tolerant and susceptible to Fusarium wilt.

Persimmon

Diospyros kaki · Trees

A decorative fruit tree with leaves that turn orange-red in autumn and orange fruit that stays on the branch after the leaves fall. It is quite resistant to diseases and pests.

Peruvian Lily

Alstroemeria spp. · Bulbs

A showy cut flower known for its long vase life; the flowers are harvested by pulling them from the base rather than cutting. Its roots are delicate, it dislikes being moved, and it goes dormant in Izmir's hot summers.

Petunia

Petunia × hybrida · Perennials

One of the most popular annual flowers of summer gardens, known for its abundant, colorful trumpet-shaped flowers. It is ideal for pots, hanging baskets and borders. For abundant flowering it needs full sun, fertile, well-drained soil and regular fertilizing.

Pheasant's Eye

Adonis (cins) · Perennials

ALL PARTS ARE POISONOUS; it should not be ingested and gloves should be used when working with it. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky (alkaline) soil. It is generally used in rock gardens or natural landscapes.

Phillyrea

Phillyrea latifolia · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub that forms the backbone of Mediterranean maquis vegetation, with olive-like leaves. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and wind. Because it responds very well to pruning, it is excellent for hedges, screening and xeric landscape designs.

Philodendron

Philodendron · Climbers

A very popular and varied genus of houseplants with showy leaves, which may be climbing or upright. It likes spots with bright but indirect light and an airy, well-drained potting soil. It is sensitive to overwatering and prone to root rot.

Phlomis grandiflora

Phlomis grandiflora · Shrubs

An extremely hardy evergreen shrub that makes an excellent ground cover with its large, heart-shaped, textured leaves. In summer it produces button-shaped, pale yellow flowers on stalks rising above the leaves. It adapts from full sun to partial shade and is very drought tolerant.

Phoenician Juniper

Juniperus phoenicea · Conifers

A juniper species typical of the Mediterranean coastline and maquis, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and saline soils. It needs full sun and well-drained soils; an excellent, low-maintenance choice for seaside gardens.

Pineapple

Ananas comosus · Houseplants

A tropical plant of the bromeliad family that produces a single fruit from the center of its leaf rosette. It loves plenty of sun (6+ hours a day) and very well-drained soil; overwatering the soil leads to root rot.

Pineapple Guava

Acca sellowiana · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub or small tree with edible, delicious fruits and showy flowers. It likes full sun and well-drained soils; although drought tolerant, it wants regular irrigation for quality fruit; in the landscape it is used as a specimen or hedge plant.

Pink Rockrose

Cistus creticus · Shrubs

A typical evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis with aromatic leaves. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is extremely drought tolerant.

Pistachio

Pistacia vera · Trees

A very long-lived deciduous fruit tree that likes long, hot, dry summers and cold winters. Female and male trees are needed for fruit; its roots rot in wet, heavy soil.

Pomegranate

Punica granatum · Shrubs

A long-lived, deciduous shrub or small tree grown for its delicious, healthy, edible fruit. It is extremely tolerant of heat and drought. For abundant fruit it likes full sun and well-drained soil; its bright red-orange flowers that open in late spring/summer are also very decorative.

Pontic Oak

Quercus pontica · Trees

An ornamental tree/shrub grown for its showy foliage that likes moist, cool, acidic soil and grows in full sun or partial shade. It is sensitive to drought and chalky soils.

Pontic Rhododendron

Rhododendron ponticum · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Black Sea region that likes shade or partial shade and moist, humus-rich, acidic soils. Izmir's calcareous soil, direct sun and dry summers are not suitable for this plant; it can be kept alive only in specially prepared acidic soil, with lime-free water and in shade.

Poppy Anemone

Anemone coronaria · Bulbs

One of the showiest flowers of spring and popular as a cut flower. It has adapted perfectly to the Mediterranean climate; it is planted in autumn, flowers in spring and goes dormant in summer. The most important condition for its success is well-drained soil.

Porcelain Berry

Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata · Climbers

WARNING: This plant can become invasive by growing very fast and spreading by seed, and it can smother native plants. It is grown for its decorative, multicolored fruit, but it must be kept under control with constant, hard pruning.

Pot Marigold

Calendula officinalis · Annuals

An easy-to-grow annual flower that likes cool weather and can be sown in autumn or spring. It prefers full sun and well-drained soil; removing faded flowers encourages continuous new blooms.

Potato

Solanum tuberosum · Vegetables & herbs

A tuber vegetable grown from seed potatoes. Tubers turn green and become poisonous when exposed to light, so it needs regular hilling.

Prasium majus

Prasium majus · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub native to Mediterranean maquis vegetation. After its white flowers that open in spring, the fleshy, sweet sepals (calyx) surrounding the flower are edible. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils; ideal for xeric landscapes.

Prayer Plant

Maranta leuconeura · Perennials

A popular houseplant known for its decorative leaves that fold upward at night as if in prayer. It likes spots with bright but indirect light, high humidity and constantly moist (not wet) potting soil.

Prickly Juniper

Juniperus oxycedrus · Conifers

A native juniper species that is a natural part of Mediterranean maquis, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It needs full sun and well-drained soils; once planted in the garden it needs almost no maintenance.

Prickly Pear

Opuntia ficus-indica · Succulents & cacti

A cactus that is extremely tolerant of drought and heat, grown for its edible fruit (prickly pear) and pads (nopales). It likes plenty of intense sun and poor, very well-drained sandy/gravelly soil. It is also used as a natural hedge; care should be taken with the fine spines (glochids) on the fruit.

Primrose

Primula vulgaris · Perennials

A perennial herbaceous plant that is one of the first heralds of spring, known for its cheerful flowers that emerge from the center of its rosette of leaves. It likes cool, moist, shady woodland. It is difficult for it to survive in the Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers, and it needs constant shade and moist soil.

Princess Tree

Paulownia tomentosa · Trees

A very fast-growing, large-leaved shade tree that produces purple flowers in spring before the leaves. It needs a lot of space; it should not be planted with its roots close to structures.

Prostrate Summer Cypress

Bassia prostrata · Shrubs

It loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought and salinity. It grows even in well-drained, poor soil; it is used for erosion control and as a forage plant.

Ptilostemon gnaphaloides

Ptilostemon gnaphaloides · Shrubs

A cushion-forming evergreen shrub native to the Aegean islands and coasts, striking for its silvery-white leaves. It has purple-pink, thistle-like flowers that open in summer. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly soils that never hold water; an excellent choice for rock gardens.

Puka

Meryta denhamii · Small trees

A houseplant native to New Caledonia that creates a tropical atmosphere with its giant, glossy, paddle-shaped leaves. It likes spots with bright light but no scorching direct sun, and a well-drained, rich potting soil. It has no tolerance for frost.

Pump

Garden fixtures

Purple Coneflower

Echinacea purpurea · Perennials

A drought-tolerant perennial that blooms all summer with daisy-shaped flowers having orange-brown centers and purple-pink petals. It attracts bees and butterflies.

Purple Willow

Salix purpurea · Shrubs

A native willow shrub that loves moist soils, grown for its slender stems that are purplish when young and its bluish-green leaves. To get the best stem color it is pruned hard (coppicing) at the end of every winter.

Pyramidal White Poplar

Populus alba 'Pyramidalis' · Trees

A cultivar of white poplar that grows in a narrow, columnar (pyramidal) form. It is used to create a vertical effect or for screening in narrow spaces. Like white poplar, it grows very fast, likes moist soils and has an aggressive, suckering root system that can damage buildings and infrastructure.

Quaking Aspen

Populus tremula · Trees

A deciduous tree known for its leaves that tremble in the slightest breeze and its bright yellow autumn color. It spreads rapidly by root suckers. It likes cool and moist climates; it is not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate, where it becomes stressed and short-lived.

Quince

Cydonia oblonga · Trees

A deciduous fruit tree with large, fragrant yellow fruit that ripens in autumn and large pink-white flowers in April-May. It likes deep, moist soil and is easy to care for.

Radish

Raphanus sativus · Vegetables & herbs

One of the fastest-growing vegetables; small red radishes are harvested in 4-6 weeks. It likes cool weather and turns bitter and woody in heat.

Raspberry

Rubus idaeus · Shrubs

A perennial shrub that bears red fruits on its upright-growing shoots. It likes cool and moist places; supporting it with wires makes harvesting easier.

Reaumuria alternifolia

Reaumuria alternifolia · Shrubs

A drought-loving shrub that loves full sun and is specialized for salty (halophytic) and gypsum-rich, poor soils. Garden use is uncommon outside ecological restoration and special xeric (dry-climate) landscapes; overwatering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Reaumuria sivasica

Reaumuria sivasica · Shrubs

A shrub endemic to the Sivas region, adapted to gypsum-rich and poor steppe soils, very tolerant of drought and frost. The most important rule for successful care is to ensure excellent drainage, especially in winter, and never to fertilize.

Red Currant

Ribes rubrum · Shrubs

A shrub grown for its fruit that likes cool, humid climates and fertile, well-drained soil. To get a good crop in Izmir's hot, dry summers, it must be grown in a partially shaded position with regular watering and mulching.

Red Fescue

Festuca rubra · Lawn grasses

One of the most shade-tolerant cool-season grasses, with a fine texture. It cannot withstand Manisa's hot summers and full sun, is suitable only for shaded areas and goes dormant and turns yellow in summer.

Red Hot Poker

Kniphofia uvaria · Perennials

A drought-tolerant perennial with showy, torch-like flower spikes. Full sun and very well-drained soil that does not hold water, especially in winter, are vital; its roots rot easily in wet soil.

Red Maple

Acer rubrum · Trees

A tree famous for its dazzling red autumn colors that likes moist and acidic soils. It has low tolerance of the alkaline soils in many regions of Turkey and suffers chlorosis (leaf yellowing) in these soils; therefore it performs best in places with suitable soil conditions, such as riverbanks and pond surroundings.

Red Mulberry

Morus rubra · Trees

A fast-growing, deciduous tree of North American origin, grown for its sweet-tart dark purple fruits. It prefers full sun and moist, rich, well-drained soils, but is quite adaptable. It is also a valuable species as a shade tree.

Red Tip Photinia

Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin' · Shrubs

A very popular evergreen shrub with bright red new shoots. It grows fast and responds very well to pruning, so it is used especially as a hedge and screening plant. For the most vivid red color it likes full sun and fertile, well-drained soil.

Redvein Enkianthus

Enkianthus campanulatus · Shrubs

A shrub of Japanese origin that needs acidic (pH 4.5-6.0), moist and humus-rich soil. It is absolutely not suitable for Manisa's calcareous soils and hot/dry climate; it can be grown only in specially prepared acidic soil beds and in shade.

Rhamnus cornifolius

Rhamnus cornifolius · Shrubs

A native shrub of rocky and mountainous slopes, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. It is suitable for xeric (dry) landscapes and rock gardens; it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Rhamnus fallax

Rhamnus fallax · Shrubs

A native shrub species adapted to mountainous and rocky regions, tolerant of drought and calcareous soils. Low-maintenance and suitable for natural landscape and restoration projects.

Rhamnus hirtellus

Rhamnus hirtellus · Shrubs

A native shrub endemic to Turkey (Amanos Mountains) that is perfectly adapted to dry, rocky and chalky soils. It is an ideal plant for natural landscapes and 'zero-care' gardens, needing no watering or fertilizing.

Rhamnus imeretinus

Rhamnus imeretinus · Shrubs

An ornamental shrub grown for its large, showy leaves that likes moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil and partial shade. In hot, dry climates such as Izmir, regular and generous watering is vital for its survival.

Rhamnus kayacikii

Rhamnus kayacikii · Shrubs

An extremely rare shrub endemic to the Antalya area, native to calcareous and rocky maquis areas. It has value only for collection and conservation purposes; its care consists of planting it in perfectly drained soil and avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely.

Rhamnus lycioides

Rhamnus lycioides · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub typical of Mediterranean maquis, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. Ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and for zero-maintenance xeric gardens.

Rhamnus microcarpus

Rhamnus microcarpus · Shrubs

A native shrub species of rocky slopes and forest understories, tolerant of drought and poor soils. Ideal for low-maintenance natural gardens and restoration projects that support wildlife.

Rhamnus pallasii

Rhamnus pallasii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to dry, mountainous steppes, extremely tolerant of frost, drought and calcareous soils. Perfect drainage is vital; its care requires avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely.

Rhamnus petiolaris

Rhamnus petiolaris · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, thornless shrub endemic to Turkey and adapted to chalky and rocky slopes. It is an excellent choice for wildlife-friendly natural gardens requiring 'zero care'.

Rhamnus punctatus

Rhamnus punctatus · Shrubs

A native shrub of rocky and calcareous mountain slopes, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeric landscapes that need 'zero maintenance'; irrigation and fertilizer should be avoided.

Rhamnus pyrellus

Rhamnus pyrellus · Shrubs

An extremely rare shrub endemic to Southwestern Anatolia that lives on calcareous and rocky slopes. Its care requires imitating its natural habitat by avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely; it has conservation value only.

Rhamnus rupestris

Rhamnus rupestris · Shrubs

A spreading ground cover shrub native to rock and limestone crevices, very tolerant of drought. It is ideal for rock gardens, dry stone walls and well-drained soils; it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Rhaphidophora

Rhaphidophora spp. · Houseplants

A tropical vine that likes bright, indirect light, high humidity and well-drained soil. It should be protected from direct sunlight, which scorches its leaves, and encouraged to climb a support such as a moss pole.

Rhododendron smirnowii

Rhododendron smirnowii · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Black Sea region with woolly undersides to its leaves that likes moist, cool, acidic soil. It is not suitable for Izmir's chalky soil and dry summers; it can only be kept alive in specially prepared acidic soil, with lime-free water and in partial shade.

Ribes anatolica

Ribes anatolica · Shrubs

A shrub endemic to Turkey's high-altitude mountains that likes rocky, well-drained soil. Izmir's low altitude and damp winters can be challenging; the most important rule for successful growing is to ensure excellent drainage and not to overdo the care.

Ribes biebersteinii

Ribes biebersteinii · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub native to high-altitude, dry and rocky steppes. It is not suitable for Izmir's damp winters; to keep it alive it must be planted in gravelly, well-drained soil and never watered.

Ribes multiflorum

Ribes multiflorum · Shrubs

A hardy shrub grown for its long flower clusters and red fruit that likes sun or partial shade. It is quite drought tolerant, but occasional watering in summer is beneficial for the best yield.

Ribes orientale

Ribes orientale · Shrubs

A native shrub of high-altitude, dry and rocky slopes that is extremely tolerant of drought and chalky soils. Its care means planting it in a perfectly drained spot and avoiding watering and fertilizing entirely.

Rockspray Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster horizontalis · Shrubs

A spreading, deciduous shrub known for its herringbone-like branching structure. It offers interest in all four seasons with its small pink flowers, bright red fruits and autumn colors; it is drought tolerant but can be susceptible to fire blight.

Rosa foetida

Rosa foetida · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant native rose of historical importance with bright yellow flowers. Although easy to care for, it is extremely susceptible to black spot, which can strip the leaves completely, and may therefore need regular spraying.

Rosa heckeliana

Rosa heckeliana · Shrubs

A native wild rose species of Turkey's mountainous and rocky regions that is extremely tolerant of drought and chalky soils. Its care means imitating its natural environment by avoiding watering and fertilizing.

Rosa horrida

Rosa horrida · Shrubs

A native shrub named for its dense, thorny structure, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. Ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and for 'zero-maintenance' areas; it spreads by root suckers.

Rosa pulverulenta

Rosa pulverulenta · Shrubs

A native wild rose species of Turkey's dry, rocky maquis that is perfectly adapted to drought, heat and chalky soils. It is suitable only for natural landscapes that require 'zero care'.

Rosa sicula

Rosa sicula · Shrubs

A wild rose species native to the high-altitude mountains of the Mediterranean, growing in a cushion form and extremely tolerant of drought and calcareous soils. It is suitable only for rock gardens and well-drained soils; it should not be irrigated or fertilized.

Rosa tomentosa

Rosa tomentosa · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant native wild rose species known for its hairy leaves and fragrant flowers. It is suitable for wildlife gardens and natural hedges, and its fruit (rose hips) is edible.

Rosa villosa

Rosa villosa · Shrubs

A hardy, native rose species grown for its large, apple-like fruits (rose hips) rich in vitamin C. It spreads by root suckers and is an excellent choice for wildlife gardens.

Rose

Rosa sp. · Shrubs

Prefers sunny sites and well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Widely used in gardens and as a cut flower. Pruning and regular care are needed to keep it healthy and to encourage abundant flowering. The entry you submitted, "Ardis brunniventris", is an insect that damages roses.

Rose of Sharon

Hibiscus syriacus · Shrubs

A cold-hardy deciduous shrub that blooms abundantly in midsummer. It is suitable for hedges and specimen use; it wakes up late, so it should not be assumed dead in spring.

Rosemary

Rosmarinus officinalis · Shrubs

An evergreen Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil and is extremely drought tolerant. It is used as a spice in the kitchen and as a hardy ornamental plant in the landscape; its worst enemy is overwatering.

Rough Deutzia

Deutzia scabra · Shrubs

A hardy, deciduous shrub that produces abundant white flowers in clusters in early summer. It likes sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained soil. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning should be done right after flowering ends.

Rowan

Sorbus aucuparia · Trees

A tree native to the cool, humid and mountainous regions of Europe, grown for its fine fruits. Izmir's hot, dry and calcareous conditions are fatal for this tree; it can be attempted only by experts, in a sheltered, partially shaded spot, in acidic soil and with constant, generous irrigation.

Rubber Plant

Ficus elastica · Houseplants

A popular and hardy indoor tree with large, glossy leaves. It likes bright, indirect light and is very sensitive to overwatering; the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It does not like being moved.

Rumex olympicus

Rumex olympicus · Perennials

A mountain plant endemic only to the high altitudes of Uludağ that likes cool, moist, rich soil. Growing it in Izmir's hot climate is almost impossible; it can only be attempted by experts, with special conditions that keep the roots cool and constant watering.

Russian Olive

Elaeagnus angustifolia · Trees

A tree with silvery leaves, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It fixes nitrogen and is used in the landscape as a windbreak or specimen; it can be aggressive in some regions.

Russian Vine

Fallopia baldschuanica (syn. Polygonum baldschuanicum) · Climbers

A deciduous climber formerly known as Polygonum, incredibly fast-growing and able to cover large areas in a single season. It is known for its clouds of foamy white flowers that open in late summer and autumn. It is hardy, but because it can be aggressive, it needs hard pruning to keep it under control.

Sage

Salvia spp. · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is used for culinary and medicinal purposes; regular pruning is important to keep the plant bushy and prevent it from becoming woody.

Sage-Leaved Rockrose

Cistus salviifolius · Shrubs

A typical low, spreading evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is excellent for dry gardens.

Sago Palm

Cycas revoluta · Palms

A very slow-growing, long-lived prehistoric plant resembling a palm. It needs little water; the new crown of leaves opens once a year and should not be rotated during that time.

Salix acmophylla

Salix acmophylla · Trees

A fast-growing native willow species that is more tolerant of hot and dry climates than other willows. Although it likes water edges, it is quite drought tolerant, yet it should still be watered occasionally in summer for best growth.

Salix anatolica

Salix anatolica · Shrubs

A willow species endemic to Turkey's high-altitude mountains that likes waterside sites and well-drained soil. Izmir's low altitude and intense summer heat are challenging; it can be kept alive with cool roots, regular watering and excellent drainage.

Salix caucasica

Salix caucasica · Shrubs

A willow species native to the cool and humid mountainous regions of the Caucasus that loves constantly wet soils. Growing it in Izmir's hot and dry climate is nearly impossible; it can be attempted only at a water's edge, in partial shade and with constant irrigation.

Salix excelsa

Salix excelsa · Trees

A large, very fast-growing tree that grows naturally along waterways and likes constantly moist to wet soil. It is not drought tolerant at all, and because its water-seeking roots can damage infrastructure, it should be planted away from buildings.

Salix myrsinifolia

Salix myrsinifolia · Shrubs

A willow species native to cool, humid northern climates that likes constantly wet soil. It is absolutely not suitable for Izmir's hot, dry climate; it can only be tried by the water's edge with constant, generous watering.

Salix pseudomedemii

Salix pseudomedemii · Shrubs

A willow species endemic to the cool and humid mountainous regions of Northeastern Anatolia that loves constantly wet soils. Growing it in Izmir's hot and dry climate is nearly impossible; to survive it needs constant irrigation and its roots must be kept cool.

Salix rizeensis

Salix rizeensis · Shrubs

A willow species endemic only to the cool, rainy mountainous regions of Rize with acidic soil, which needs constant moisture. Growing it in Izmir's hot, chalky conditions is almost impossible; for survival it needs partial shade, special acidic soil and constant watering with lime-free water.

Salix trabzonica

Salix trabzonica · Shrubs

A willow species endemic only to the cool, rainy mountainous regions of Trabzon with acidic soil, which needs constant moisture. Growing it in Izmir's hot, chalky conditions is almost impossible; for survival it needs partial shade, special acidic soil and constant watering with lime-free water.

Salix wilhelmsiana

Salix wilhelmsiana · Shrubs

A very decorative, fine-textured willow with silvery leaves, one of the most drought-tolerant willow species. It is excellent for low-water (xeric) gardens; for the best appearance it can be pruned hard at the end of winter.

Salsola boissieri

Salsola boissieri · Shrubs

A native shrub (halophyte) of coastal regions and saline soils, extremely tolerant of drought. It is used only in special landscapes; its care consists of planting it in the most challenging, sunny and well-drained spot and leaving it entirely alone.

Salsola laricina

Salsola laricina · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the salty and gypsum-rich steppes of Central Anatolia that is extremely tolerant of drought and frost. The most important rule for successful care is to ensure excellent drainage and never to water or fertilize.

Satureja cuneifolia

Satureja cuneifolia · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeriscapes; it needs pruning to stay compact and should never be overwatered.

Satureja spinosa

Satureja spinosa · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to dry, sunny and rocky Mediterranean slopes, growing in a cushion form and extremely tolerant of drought. Ideal for rock gardens; its care consists of planting it in a perfectly drained spot and leaving it entirely alone.

Satureja thymbra

Satureja thymbra · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub known as 'thyme' that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeriscapes; pruning after flowering is important to keep it compact.

Saucer Magnolia

Magnolia soulangiana · Small trees

A deciduous small tree famous for its large, tulip-like flowers that open on bare branches before the leaves in spring. It likes full sun or light shade and well-drained, rich, slightly acidic soil. In chalky soils its leaves may yellow (chlorosis).

Savin Juniper

Juniperus sabina · Conifers

An extremely hardy, spreading juniper species with all parts poisonous that gives off a sharp smell when crushed. It likes full sun and well-drained soil; it should be used with care in areas where children and pets are present.

Scarlet Avens

Geum coccineum · Perennials

A clump-forming perennial herbaceous plant with vivid red-orange flowers. It loves partial shade (especially afternoon shade) and moist, well-drained, rich soil; in Izmir's heat it needs careful watering in summer.

Scarlet Sage

Salvia splendens · Annuals

An annual that blooms brightly and continuously all summer, loves sun and needs rich, moist soil. It is not drought tolerant; to encourage continuous flowering it needs regular watering, fertilizing and removal of faded flowers.

Scorpion Senna

Hippocrepis emerus · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant shrub from the legume (Fabaceae) family that produces its own nitrogen. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; it produces bright yellow flowers over a long period from spring into summer.

Scorpion Vetch

Coronilla emerus · Shrubs

A hardy deciduous shrub whose homeland is Southern Europe, which includes Turkey. It is known for its yellow, pea-like flowers that bloom almost all year; it loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils and is quite drought tolerant.

Scotch Broom

Cytisus scoparius · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub with showy yellow flowers. However, by producing abundant seed it has become an invasive species in many regions, so planting and management require care.

Scots Pine

Pinus sylvestris · Conifers

An evergreen pine known for the orange-red bark on its upper trunk and its bluish-green needles. Its homeland is cool and cold climates; in Turkey it grows in high-altitude mountains and is absolutely not suitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate. Under these conditions it becomes stressed and short-lived.

Sea Buckthorn Willow

Salix elaeagnos · Shrubs

A native willow species grown for its silvery-gray leaves, which likes water edges but also well-drained, gravelly soils. It is more drought tolerant than many other willows but should be watered regularly in summer for the best appearance.

Sea Lavender

Limonium spp. · Other plants

An extremely hardy perennial native to coastal and dry regions. It is grown for its papery flowers, which are very suitable for drying; it needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor and sandy soils.

Sea Purslane

Atriplex portulacoides (syn. Halimione portulacoides) · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and salty, periodically wet coastal soils. It is a silvery-leaved ground cover that is extremely tolerant of salinity and harsh coastal conditions. It is ideal for ecological restoration and coastal gardens.

Sea Purslane

Halimione portulacoides · Shrubs

A ground-cover shrub that grows naturally in salt marshes and along the coastline and is extremely salt tolerant (a halophyte). It likes full sun and well-drained soil and is very drought tolerant; it is ideal especially for coastal gardens.

Sea Thrift

Armeria maritima · Perennials

It likes full-sun areas and very well-drained, sandy or gravelly poor soil. With its tolerance of drought and salt, it is a low-maintenance ground cover ideal for rock and coastal gardens.

Seashore Paspalum

Paspalum vaginatum · Lawn grasses

A warm-season grass known for its exceptional tolerance of salty soil and water. It is ideal especially for gardens along the coast, golf courses and sports fields. It needs full sun and turns yellow and goes dormant when the weather cools in winter.

Senecio olympicus

Senecio olympicus · Perennials

A mountain plant with silvery leaves endemic only to the high altitudes of Uludağ that likes cool, well-drained soil. Growing it in Izmir's hot climate is almost impossible; it can only be attempted by experts, with special conditions that keep the roots cool and protection from winter wetness.

Service Tree

Sorbus domestica · Trees

A slow-growing native fruit tree that loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and chalky soils. Its fruit can be eaten after it has softened (bletted); it is very easy to care for and is used in landscapes as a hardy shade tree.

Sessile Oak

Quercus petraea · Trees

A large forest and park tree used in forestry for its valuable timber, which likes full sun or partial shade and well-drained, fertile soils. It is used in the landscape as a majestic shade tree.

Sheep's Fescue

Festuca ovina · Lawn grasses

A fine-textured, clump-forming, low-maintenance cool-season grass. It is drought tolerant but goes dormant (turns yellow) in Manisa's summer heat; it performs best in autumn and spring.

Shrimp Plant

Justicia brandegeana (syn. Beloperone guttata) · Houseplants

A shrub of tropical origin grown for its showy, shrimp-like flowers. It likes bright places without direct sun and well-drained soil; it gains a bushier form with regular pruning.

Shrub Groups

Planting features

Shrubby Jasmine

Jasminum fruticans · Shrubs

A yellow-flowered jasmine species that is a natural member of Mediterranean maquis, extremely tolerant of drought. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; pruning after flowering is important to keep it from taking on a straggly form.

Siberian Elm

Ulmus pumila · Trees

A very fast-growing tree that is extremely tolerant of harsh conditions such as heat, cold, drought and poor soil. CAUTION: Because of its weak, brittle branch structure and its uncontrolled spread by dropping abundant seed, it is considered an invasive and problematic tree in many regions.

Siberian Pea Shrub

Caragana arborescens · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of Siberian origin, extremely tolerant of severe cold. It cannot adapt to Izmir's long, hot, dry summers and mild winters; growing it in this climate is not recommended and the plant will probably suffer stress-related problems.

Sicilian Sumac

Rhus coriaria · Shrubs

A shrub native to sunny, dry and rocky slopes, extremely tolerant of drought. Its fruits are used as a spice, while the plant tends to spread by root suckers and takes on bright red colors in autumn.

Silver Birch

Betula pendula · Trees

A deciduous tree known for its white trunk that likes cool, humid climates. In hot, dry climates like Izmir it becomes stressed, and regular deep watering is critical for its survival.

Silver Fir

Abies alba · Trees

An evergreen, pyramidal, slow-growing tree. It prefers cool and moist climates, well-drained acidic or neutral soils and sunny to partially shaded areas. It is used as a specimen or in groups in parks and gardens.

Silver Linden

Tilia tomentosa (syn. Tilia argentea) · Trees

A large shade tree known for the silvery-white undersides of its leaves, which look beautiful in the wind. It is more tolerant of heat and drought than other linden species. Its fragrant flowers that open in summer are very attractive to bees.

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum · Trees

A very fast-growing large tree with silvery-white leaf undersides. It likes moist to wet soil, but because of its weak, brittle branch structure and aggressive surface roots it is easily damaged in storms; it is therefore not recommended for residential areas and narrow gardens.

Silver Mullein

Verbascum bombyciferum · Perennials

A biennial or short-lived perennial native to Turkey. In the first year it forms a rosette of silvery-woolly leaves, and in the second year it sends up a tall stalk with yellow flowers. It likes plenty of sun and poor, well-drained soil; it sustains itself in the garden by dropping abundant seed.

Silver Tansy

Tanacetum argenteum · Perennials

One of Turkey's native plants; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, very well-drained soil. It is grown for its dense, silvery-gray ground-cover texture and is extremely drought tolerant.

Sitka Spruce

Picea sitchensis · Conifers

A giant tree native to the cool and rainy coastal rainforests of North America. It requires a constantly moist and cool environment. It is completely unsuitable for the hot, dry Mediterranean climate and is not expected to survive; planting it in these regions is considered a landscaping mistake.

Small-Flowered Rockrose

Cistus parviflorus · Shrubs

A compact, cushion-forming evergreen shrub native to the Aegean region. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is excellent for rock gardens.

Small-Leaved Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster microphyllus · Shrubs

A spreading and hardy shrub of Himalayan origin with tiny, glossy, evergreen leaves. Ideal for rock gardens and slopes; it offers four seasons of interest with its white spring flowers and red fruits that last until winter.

Small-Leaved Linden

Tilia cordata · Trees

It prefers cool, humid climates; it is less tolerant of heat and drought than Silver Linden. For healthy growth in Izmir's climate, it needs regular, generous watering, especially in summer, and a spot where it is partly protected from afternoon sun.

Smilax excelsa

Smilax excelsa · Climbers

A very vigorous, large, thorny native climber adapted to sunny or shaded areas and all soil types. It is used to cover large areas or big trees; because it grows very aggressively, it must be kept under control with regular, hard pruning.

Smoke Tree

Cotinus coggygria · Shrubs

A hardy deciduous shrub native to Turkey. It is grown for its flower clusters that resemble clouds of smoke in summer and its bright autumn leaf colors; it is very tolerant of drought and calcareous soils.

Snake Plant

Sansevieria spp. · Succulents & cacti

A succulent known as nearly indestructible, extremely tolerant of low light and drought. The greatest danger is overwatering; the soil should be allowed to dry out completely between waterings. It is also popular for its air-purifying quality.

Snapdragon

Antirrhinum majus · Annuals

A popular, colorful cut flower of spring and early summer. It loves cool weather, performs best in full sun and well-drained, rich soil, and is very susceptible to rust.

Snow-in-Summer

Cerastium tomentosum · Ground covers

A drought-tolerant ground cover known for its silvery leaves and white flowers that open in early summer. It needs full sun and sandy or gravelly soils that drain water quickly; its biggest enemy is root rot caused by excess water and poor drainage.

Snowbell Tree

Styrax officinalis · Small trees

A natural plant of the Aegean and Mediterranean region that loves sun and calcareous, well-drained soils. It is known for its fragrant white flowers that open in spring and its seeds used to make prayer beads; established plants are completely drought tolerant.

Snowy Mespilus

Amelanchier ovalis · Small trees

A plant with four seasons of value: it offers white flowers in spring, edible fruits in summer and beautiful leaf colors in autumn. In Izmir's hot climate it needs afternoon shade and regular summer irrigation.

Sour Cherry

Prunus cerasus · Trees

A deciduous fruit tree with white flowers in April and sour fruit in summer. It is hardier to cold than the cherry and needs less care.

Southern Catalpa

Catalpa bignonioides · Trees

A deciduous tree with large, heart-shaped leaves, showy white flower clusters and long, cigar-like seed pods. It is tolerant of heat and drought and adapts easily to different soil types; it is used as a shade tree, but it can make a mess around it by dropping flowers and leaves.

Southern Magnolia

Magnolia grandiflora · Trees

A magnificent evergreen tree with large, glossy leaves and big, fragrant white flowers. It prefers sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained, rich, slightly acidic soils. It is sensitive to calcareous soils.

Spanish Fir

Abies pinsapo · Trees

An evergreen, pyramidal tree that can grow 20-25 m tall. It likes the cool Mediterranean climate, sunny or partially shaded places and deep, moist soils; it is not frost hardy. It is used decoratively in parks and gardens.

Spanish Lavender

Lavandula stoechas · Shrubs

An aromatic, drought-tolerant plant typical of Mediterranean maquis. Full sun and well-drained, poor soils are essential for abundant flowering and good health; it should be pruned after the main flowering is over to keep the plant compact.

Spearmint

Mentha spicata · Perennials

An aromatic perennial that likes moist, partially shaded places and spreads quickly by rhizomes. It should be grown in a pot or with a root barrier to limit its spread.

Spider Plant

Chlorophytum comosum · Houseplants

One of the easiest-care houseplants; it likes places with plenty of light but no direct sun. The soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings; browning at the leaf tips is usually caused by minerals in tap water.

Spiderwort

Tradescantia spp. · Houseplants

A popular, easy-care, fast-growing houseplant with colorful leaves. It needs regular pruning to stay full and bushy. Its colors are at their most vivid in bright, indirect light.

Spinach

Spinacia oleracea · Vegetables & herbs

A hardy, cool-season leafy vegetable. It bolts quickly once the days lengthen and warm up; it is sown in autumn and harvested throughout winter.

Spiny Bear's Breeches

Acanthus spinosus · Perennials

A hardy plant of Mediterranean origin known for its sculptural leaves and showy flower clusters. It performs best in full sun or partial shade and in rich, well-drained soils; it is used in borders and as an architectural focal point.

Sprinkler Lines

Garden fixtures

St. Augustine Grass

Warm-season grasses

One of the most shade-tolerant warm-season grasses, known for its coarse texture, but very sensitive to cold and drought. In Turkey it is suitable only for the humid Mediterranean coastal strip with no frost risk; it requires intensive irrigation and special care.

Staghorn Sumac

Rhus typhina · Shrubs

An extremely hardy ornamental shrub grown for its showy leaves, autumn colors and red fruit clusters. Because it spreads quickly by root suckers, the planting site should be chosen carefully and its spread kept under control.

Star Jasmine

Trachelospermum jasminoides · Climbers

A woody, evergreen climber that likes plenty of sun or partial shade and well-drained soil. It is grown for its intensely fragrant, white, star-shaped flowers that open in late spring and early summer. Ideal for covering walls, fences and pergolas.

Star Magnolia

Magnolia stellata · Small trees

A slow-growing, compact, deciduous small tree of Japanese origin. It is known for its abundant, fragrant, star-shaped flowers that open very early in spring before the leaves appear. It prefers sunny or partially shaded, moist, well-drained and slightly acidic soils.

Statice

Limonium sinuatum · Perennials

It likes full sun and very well-drained, sandy soil. It is extremely tolerant of drought and salt. It is a popular cut flower for fresh and dried flower arrangements.

Sticky Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis viscosa · Shrubs

A hardy, semi-evergreen shrub native to Turkey, known for its broad, slightly sticky leaves. Its rings of yellow flowers that open in summer attract bees. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil and is very drought tolerant.

Stinking Juniper

Juniperus foetidissima · Conifers

A juniper tree native to Turkey's mountainous regions that gives off a strong smell when crushed and is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It needs full sun and well-drained soil; once planted in the garden it needs almost no care.

Stock

Matthiola incana · Perennials

An annual or biennial known for its dense, spicy-scented flowers in spikes that open in spring. For abundant flowering it likes full sun and well-drained, slightly alkaline soil. It is also a valuable cut flower.

Stone Pine

Pinus pinea · Conifers

An iconic Mediterranean pine known for the characteristic umbrella-shaped crown it develops at maturity and for its edible, valuable seeds (pine nuts). It likes full sun and deep, well-drained soil; it is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It is also often used in landscapes as a shade tree.

Stonecrop

Sedum spp. · Succulents & cacti

A broad group of succulents that like full sun and well-drained, poor soil and are extremely drought tolerant. They are ideal for rock gardens, green roofs and xeriscapes; their worst enemies are overwatering and rich soil.

Strawberry

Fragaria × ananassa · Perennials

A perennial herbaceous plant that spreads along the ground and bears fruit in late spring and early summer. It should be planted without burying the root collar; the plants should be renewed every 3-4 years.

Strawberry Tree

Arbutus unedo · Shrubs

It likes full-sun or partially shaded areas and well-drained soil. It is famous for flowering in autumn while bearing the ripening edible fruit of the previous year at the same time. It is a drought-tolerant, low-maintenance Mediterranean plant.

String of Hearts

Ceropegia woodii · Houseplants

An easy-care, trailing succulent with marbled, heart-shaped leaves. It needs plenty of bright light without direct sun and a soil that dries out completely between waterings; its worst enemy is root rot caused by overwatering.

Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum · Trees

A large tree that is a symbol of Canada, known for its magnificent autumn colors and for maple syrup production. It likes cool and humid climates and deep, fertile, well-drained soils; it is not a suitable species for Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and alkaline soils, and can be attempted mostly in the cool, high-altitude areas of the Black Sea region.

Sunflower

Helianthus annuus · Other plants

A fast-growing annual known for following the sun (heliotropism). It needs full sun and fertile, well-drained soils; its tall varieties must be protected from wind or supported.

Sweet Alyssum

Lobularia maritima · Annuals

A spreading annual known for its honey-scented small flowers, ideal for borders and pots. It loves cool weather; in Izmir it is sown in autumn and flowers abundantly in spring, and it usually dies in the summer heat.

Sweet Cherry

Prunus avium · Trees

A cold-hardy fruit tree. Most varieties need a different variety (pollinator) nearby to set fruit.

Sweet Chestnut

Castanea sativa · Trees

A large deciduous tree grown for its edible fruit. It absolutely needs acidic (lime-free) and well-drained soil; it has difficulty adapting to Izmir's chalky soils and dry summers. Chestnut blight and gall wasp are its most important diseases and pests.

Sweet Corn

Zea mays var. saccharata · Vegetables & herbs

A tall summer vegetable pollinated by the wind. For good pollination it should be sown in a square block rather than a single row.

Sweet Pea Shrub

Polygala myrtifolia · Shrubs

A compact evergreen shrub that produces purple-pink flowers from spring to autumn and is tolerant of coastal conditions. It tolerates drought but is damaged by hard frost.

Sweet William

Dianthus barbatus · Perennials

Generally a biennial, in warm climates it is grown as an annual that is sown in autumn and flowers in spring. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils and withers in summer heat.

Swiss Chard

Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla · Vegetables & herbs

A leafy vegetable tolerant of heat and cold that yields for months as its outer leaves are picked. Varieties with colored stems are also used as ornamental plants.

Swiss Cheese Plant

Monstera deliciosa · Climbers

An iconic climbing houseplant with perforated and split leaves. It likes bright but indirect (no direct sun) spots, well-drained, airy potting soil and a support such as a moss pole to climb. It is sensitive to root rot.

Sycamore Maple

Acer pseudoplatanus · Trees

A large, fast-growing tree that is very tolerant of wind, air pollution and salt spray. It is suitable for large areas, parks and especially coastal regions; however, it self-seeds heavily and is susceptible to aphids that drop sticky honeydew.

Syrian Pear

Pyrus syriaca · Trees

Likes sunny areas and well-drained, calcareous, poor soils. Its fruits are eaten fresh or processed, and it is also used as a rootstock for pear.

Tall Fescue

Lolium arundinaceum (syn. Festuca arundinacea) · Lawn grasses

The most heat-tolerant of the cool-season grasses, but it needs plenty of water to survive Manisa's harsh summer months and can catch diseases. It performs best in autumn and spring.

Tall Fescue Lawn

Cool-season grasses

Adaptable to sunny and partially shaded areas, very tolerant of foot traffic and resistant to drought thanks to its deep roots. It stays green all year round, especially in cool regions such as the Marmara and Central Anatolia, and is easy to maintain.

Tanacetum armenum

Tanacetum armenum · Perennials

One of Turkey's native plants; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is extremely drought tolerant. It is grown for its hairy green leaves and button-shaped yellow flowers that open in summer.

Teucrium brevifolium

Teucrium brevifolium · Shrubs

A natural plant of the Aegean region; it loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and wind. With its silvery-gray leaves it is excellent for dry gardens (xeriscape) and coastal landscaping.

Teucrium flavum

Teucrium flavum · Shrubs

This shrub, native to the Mediterranean, loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. With its gray-green leaves and pale yellow summer flowers, it is ideal for dry gardens and rocky areas.

Teucrium pestalozzae

Teucrium pestalozzae · Shrubs

A species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, chalky, well-drained soil. It forms a dense cushion with silvery leaves and pink-purple flowers that open in summer. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat.

Thorny Olive

Elaeagnus pungens · Shrubs

An evergreen, thorny and very hardy shrub; very tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It is generally used to form impassable hedges, and its small flowers that open in autumn are very fragrant.

Throatwort

Trachelium caeruleum · Perennials

Likes plenty of sun or light shade and rich, moist but well-drained soils. Known for its broad, umbrella-like flower heads, it is popular as a cut flower thanks to its long vase life. In temperate climates it behaves as a short-lived perennial.

Thymelaea aucheri

Thymelaea aucheri · Shrubs

A plant of Turkey's natural maquis and rocky areas; it likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat and drought. It is a low-maintenance ground cover ideal for the toughest, driest and sunniest spots of the garden.

Thymelaea cilicica

Thymelaea cilicica · Shrubs

A plant endemic to Turkey's Taurus Mountains; it likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat, drought and frost. It is an ideal plant, needing near-zero care, for the toughest, driest and sunniest spots of the garden.

Thymelaea hirsuta

Thymelaea hirsuta · Shrubs

A plant native to the coastal and dune regions of the Mediterranean; it loves full sun and sandy, poor, well-drained soils. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat, drought and salt (from the sea). An ideal zero-maintenance plant for the most challenging, sandy and sunny areas of the garden.

Thymelaea tartonraira

Thymelaea tartonraira · Shrubs

This shrub, native to the Mediterranean, loves full sun and poor, well-drained, calcareous soils. With its silvery, silky leaves it is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It is an ideal zero-maintenance plant for coastal gardens, rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Thymus bornmuelleri

Thymus bornmuelleri · Perennials

A thyme species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens and dry areas.

Thymus cilicicus

Thymus cilicicus · Shrubs

A thyme species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus haussknechtii

Thymus haussknechtii · Shrubs

A thyme species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus leucotrichus

Thymus leucotrichus · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus sipyleus

Thymus sipyleus · Shrubs

This thyme species, named after Mount Spil and endemic to Turkey, loves full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soils. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its intensely aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens and dry areas.

Thymus zygioides

Thymus zygioides · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Tomato

Solanum lycopersicum · Vegetables & herbs

The most widely grown vegetable in home gardens. It loves heat and sun and does not tolerate frost. Indeterminate (unlimited-growth) varieties need support and removal of side shoots; regular, even watering determines fruit quality.

Torch Cactus

Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus) · Succulents & cacti

A columnar cactus that offsets abundantly from the base and over time forms large groups. It needs plenty of sun and a very well-drained soil mix. Keeping it completely dry in winter is vital to prevent root rot.

Trautvetter's Maple

Acer trautvetteri · Trees

Generally used in the landscape as a specimen or accent tree. It likes full sun or partial shade and well-drained, humus-rich and moist soils. Its trunk bark stands out for its resemblance to that of the beech tree.

Treasure Flower

Gazania rigens · Annuals

A ground cover that loves sunny and hot weather, is very drought tolerant and produces bright, daisy-like flowers. It likes full sun and well-drained soils; its flowers close in cloudy weather and at night.

Tree Heath

Erica arborea · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, with fragrant flowers. Its most important requirement is acidic (lime-free), well-drained soil; in Manisa's alkaline soils it can suffer chlorosis (yellowing), so it requires special soil preparation.

Tree Ivy

x Fatshedera lizei · Houseplants

A hybrid of the Japanese aralia and ivy; it has large, glossy leaves and is a hardy houseplant that generally needs a support. It likes bright, indirect light and well-drained soil.

Tree of Heaven

Ailanthus altissima · Trees

WARNING: This species is considered invasive in Turkey. It spreads very aggressively by root suckers and seeds, destroys native vegetation and damages infrastructure. Planting it is not recommended; existing trees should be kept under control or removed.

Trident Maple

Acer buergerianum · Small trees

A slow-growing, hardy small tree known for its three-lobed leaves and magnificent autumn color. It prefers full sun or partial shade and well-drained soil; it is often used in bonsai, in urban landscapes and in small gardens.

Trumpet Vine

Campsis radicans · Climbers

A very vigorous, fast-growing vine that loves hot summers and full sun and produces showy trumpet-shaped flowers. It is drought tolerant but can spread aggressively through suckers from its roots, so the planting site should be chosen carefully.

Tulip

Tulipa spp. · Bulbs

A classic spring bulb that likes well-drained, sunny areas. It needs a winter chilling period in order to flower. In mild climates, most modern hybrid tulips perform best in the first year and are generally treated as annuals.

Tulip Tree

Liriodendron tulipifera · Trees

A tree with tulip-like flowers and bright yellow autumn color that can reach very large sizes. Because it loves wet sites, it needs generous, regular watering in summer; in Izmir's chalky soils it may show yellowing (chlorosis) caused by iron deficiency.

Turkish Pine

Pinus brutia · Conifers

The most common pine species of Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean, an evergreen tree that is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It likes full sun and poor, rocky, chalky soil. It needs no care in the landscape and is a fire-adapted species; it is vital for our forests.

Tutsan

Hypericum androsaemum · Shrubs

A semi-evergreen shrub that bears yellow flowers in summer and is also decorative in autumn with its fruit that turns from red to black. To succeed in Izmir it needs partial or full shade and moist, rich soil; it is sensitive to sun and drought.

Umbrella Plant

Cyperus alternifolius · Houseplants

A bog-origin plant that loves plenty of water; its soil must be kept constantly wet, and there should even be water standing in the saucer at all times. It likes spots with bright, indirect light.

Umbrella Tree

Schefflera spp. · Houseplants

A popular foliage houseplant that likes bright, indirect light and well-drained soil. Regular pruning is important for a full, branching shape; overwatering leads to leaf drop and root rot.

Vanhoutte Spirea

Spiraea x vanhouttei · Shrubs

It likes full-sun or partially shaded areas; it is not picky about soil but prefers well-drained soil. It is a showy shrub used as a hedge plant or specimen, with dense white flowers in spring.

Velvet Bentgrass

Agrostis canina · Lawn grasses

It forms a fine-textured, dense, high-quality lawn surface; it is used in places that require high maintenance, such as golf courses. It likes full-sun or lightly shaded areas and moist, acidic soil.

Verbascum prusianum

Verbascum prusianum · Perennials

A biennial or short-lived perennial native to Turkey. In the first year it forms a rosette of leaves, and in the second year it sends up a tall stalk with yellow flowers. It likes plenty of sun and poor, well-drained soil; it sustains itself in the garden by dropping abundant seed.

Verbena

Verbena x hybrida · Annuals

A classic summer annual flower that likes all-day sun and well-drained soil. It is tolerant of drought and heat. To keep it flowering abundantly all summer, faded flowers should be removed regularly and it should be cut back occasionally.

Virginia Creeper

Parthenocissus quinquefolia · Climbers

A deciduous climber that quickly covers walls and fences, very vigorous and fast-growing. Its main decorative feature is the bright red and burgundy colors its leaves take on in autumn. It grows anywhere from full sun to full shade, but shows its best autumn color in the sun.

Wall Germander

Teucrium montanum · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, chalky, well-drained soil. It is a spreading, cushion-forming ground cover. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat and ideal for rock gardens.

Wandering Jew

Tradescantia zebrina · Houseplants

A very easy-care, fast-growing houseplant known for its silver and green striped leaves with purple undersides. It needs regular pruning to stay full and bushy. Its colors are at their most vivid in bright, indirect light.

Warty Spindle

Euonymus verrucosus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that stands out for its warty branches, pink-red capsules opening in autumn and orange seeds. It tolerates different soil types and shade. Its fruit is poisonous to humans.

Water Tank

Garden fixtures

Watermelon

Citrullus lanatus · Vegetables & herbs

A sprawling fruit vegetable that needs a long, hot, sunny summer and a wide area. It does best in light, sandy, quick-warming soil.

Wattle

Acacia spp. · Trees

A fast-growing, drought-tolerant tree or small tree generally known for its yellow and fragrant flowers. It needs full sun and well-drained soils; it is used as a windbreak, for erosion control and to provide quick fill in the landscape.

Wax Plant

Hoya spp. · Houseplants

A succulent-like vine with waxy leaves and clusters of usually fragrant flowers. Never prune the flower stalks (peduncles) on which it blooms again; it likes bright, indirect light and well-drained soil, and prefers its pot to be snug.

Wayfaring Tree

Viburnum lantana · Shrubs

A very hardy and adaptable shrub that can tolerate dry and calcareous (alkaline) soils. It is decorative with its cream-white flowers that open in spring and fruits that turn from red to black in autumn. It is an easy-care plant for Izmir's climate.

Weddell Palm

Syagrus weddelliana (syn. Microcoelum weddellianum) · Palms

A slow-growing, delicate dwarf palm known for its graceful, fine leaves. It likes bright but not direct (indirect) light, high humidity and a very well-drained potting soil. It is very sensitive to watering mistakes and root rot.

Weeping Fig

Ficus benjamina · Houseplants

One of the most common indoor trees, with weeping branches and small glossy leaves. It drops leaves in response to relocation and drafts; it needs a fixed spot in bright indirect light.

Weeping Forsythia

Forsythia suspensa · Shrubs

A hardy shrub known for its arching, spreading branches and bright yellow flowers in spring. It is suitable for planting along walls or on slopes. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends.

Weeping Willow

Salix babylonica · Trees

An iconic weeping tree ideal for waterside sites that likes moist to wet soil. It is absolutely not drought tolerant, consumes a lot of water, and because its aggressive roots can seriously damage pipes and foundations, it should be planted far away from buildings.

Weigela

Weigela florida · Shrubs

An easy-care shrub known for its abundant pink, red or white trumpet-shaped flowers that open in late spring. It likes full sun or light shade and moist, well-drained soil. In hot climates like Izmir it performs better with regular summer watering.

Western Hemlock

Tsuga heterophylla · Conifers

Native to the cool and rainy rainforests of North America; it needs shade, coolness, high humidity and constantly wet soil. It cannot tolerate heat and drought at all, so it is absolutely NOT suitable for Izmir's climate and keeping it alive is nearly impossible.

Western Red Cedar

Thuja plicata · Conifers

A fast-growing, large privet species that prefers moist, cool climates. It needs regular and generous irrigation to stay healthy in Izmir's hot and dry summers. It is generally used to quickly form a tall hedge or screen.

White Broom

Genista albida · Shrubs

A low-growing or cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

White Clover

Trifolium repens · Lawn grasses

A popular alternative to lawn grass; it needs less water, does not need fertilizer because it produces its own nitrogen, and needs less mowing. Its flowers are very beneficial for bees and other pollinators. Broadleaf weed killers kill clover.

White Mulberry

Morus alba · Trees

A fast-growing, hardy, deciduous tree. It is grown for its sweet white fruits, and its leaves have traditionally been used as silkworm feed. It loves full sun and adapts to most soil types, including poor soils.

White Osyris

Osyris alba · Shrubs

An evergreen semi-parasitic shrub native to Mediterranean maquis. It lives by drawing water and nutrients from the roots of other plants, which makes it very drought tolerant. It loves full sun and poor, calcareous soils; it is rarely used in landscaping.

White Poplar

Populus alba · Trees

A very fast-growing deciduous tree whose silvery-white leaf undersides shimmer in the wind. It likes moist to wet soil. Because of its aggressive root system and abundant suckers, it should be planted away from buildings, pipes and roads; it is generally used as a windbreak in rural areas.

White Spruce

Picea glauca · Conifers

An evergreen tree native to the cool and cold forests of North America. It likes moist, cool and acidic soils. Its popular dwarf form ('Conica') in particular becomes stressed in hot and dry climates and very susceptible to spider mite damage; it is not a suitable choice for the Mediterranean climate.

White Stonecrop

Sedum album · Ground covers

An evergreen succulent ground cover that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil and is extremely drought tolerant. It is ideal for rock gardens, green roofs and dry areas; its care consists of simply planting it in the right place and leaving it alone.

White Willow

Salix alba · Trees

A very fast-growing native tree that grows naturally along waterways and likes moist to wet soil. It is not drought tolerant at all, and because its water-seeking roots can damage infrastructure, it should be planted away from buildings.

Whitebeam

Sorbus aria · Small trees

A small tree that loves sunny areas and calcareous soils, decorative with the silvery-white undersides of its leaves. It is moderately drought tolerant but needs regular irrigation for best growth in Izmir's hot summers; it can be susceptible to fire blight.

Wild Service Tree

Sorbus torminalis · Trees

A native tree that loves sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained soils, extremely tolerant of drought and heat. Its maple-like leaves take on magnificent colors in autumn, and its fruits are edible once ripe.

Willow

Salix spp. · Trees

A very fast-growing tree/shrub that likes moist to wet soil and full sun. It is ideal for waterside sites but is not drought tolerant, and its water-seeking roots can damage pipes.

Willow-Leaved Pear

Pyrus salicifolia · Small trees

A very decorative small deciduous tree with weeping branches and graceful, silvery-white leaves resembling a willow. It is covered in white flowers in spring. Because it is extremely tolerant of heat and drought, it is an excellent accent plant for xeriscape gardens.

Willowleaf Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster salicifolius · Shrubs

A fast-growing, hardy shrub with willow-like, glossy, evergreen leaves, white spring flowers and bright red fruit clusters that last until winter. It is popular for hedges and screening; it is drought tolerant but can be susceptible to fire blight.

Winged Spindle

Euonymus alatus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub famous for its bright red leaf color in autumn. Manisa's hot, dry summers are challenging for this plant; for best performance it needs afternoon shade and regular summer watering. It can be invasive in some regions.

Winter Clematis

Clematis cirrhosa · Climbers

An evergreen broom native to the Mediterranean that flowers in winter. It goes dormant in summer and wakes with the autumn rains; it likes a sunny spot with shaded base to keep its roots cool, and well-drained soil.

Winterfat

Krascheninnikovia ceratoides · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub with silvery-white leaves, native to the cold, dry steppes of Anatolia. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; drainage is vital to prevent root rot in Izmir's wet winters.

Woodbine Honeysuckle

Lonicera periclymenum · Climbers

A deciduous, climbing species with very pleasantly scented flowers that intensify in the evenings. It likes to have its roots cool and shaded and its upper parts in the sun. It is ideal for arbors and fences.

Wych Elm

Ulmus glabra · Trees

A tree of cool, humid regions; in hot climates like Izmir it needs regular summer watering. CAUTION: All elm species are extremely susceptible to a deadly fungal disease called Dutch elm disease.

Yellow Azalea

Rhododendron luteum · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Black Sea region that likes moist, cool, humus-rich, acidic soil. Izmir's chalky soil and dry summers are fatal to this plant; it can only be kept alive in specially prepared acidic soil or in a pot, watered regularly with lime-free water.

Yellow Flax

Linum flavum · Perennials

A drought-tolerant perennial with bright yellow flowers, ideal for sunny and dry environments. It needs full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; in wet and heavy soils its roots rot easily.

Zebra Plant

Aphelandra squarrosa · Houseplants

A tropical plant striking for its white-veined, glossy green leaves and yellow flower clusters. It needs plenty of bright but indirect light, high humidity, a warm environment and constantly moist soil; it is very sensitive to cold drafts.

Zinnia

Zinnia elegans · Annuals

A vividly colored, heat-loving annual summer flower that blooms for a long time. It is also used as a cut flower; it should be watered without wetting the leaves.

Zonal Geranium

Pelargonium zonale · Annuals

The most common flower of balconies and pots; it blooms continuously from spring to autumn. It does not like too much water and lives for many years where there is no frost.

Zoysia Grass

Warm-season grasses

Tolerates sunny and lightly shaded areas, is very resistant to drought and forms a dense turf. Because it grows slowly it needs little maintenance, and it is excellent for hot regions such as the Aegean and the Mediterranean.

Zucchini

Cucurbita pepo · Vegetables & herbs

A fast-growing summer vegetable that gives a generous crop from few plants. It takes up a lot of space; the flowers are edible too.

ZZ Plant

Zamioculcas zamiifolia · Houseplants

One of the hardiest indoor plants, content with little light and little water. Its tuberous roots store water; overwatering is its only serious enemy.