Shrub Care Guide

Aaron's Beard

Hypericum calycinum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy ground cover shrub with large yellow flowers that spreads rapidly by underground roots (stolons). It loves sun and drought, but because it can be aggressive in the garden, its boundary must be kept under control.

Acantholimon acerosum

Acantholimon acerosum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming ground cover that loves full sun and is very drought tolerant. It prefers very well-drained, chalky and poor soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Acantholimon anatolicum

Acantholimon anatolicum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming mountain plant endemic to Anatolia, very tolerant of drought and frost. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for alpine and rock gardens.

Acantholimon caesareum

Acantholimon caesareum · Shrubs

A species endemic to the Kayseri area that forms thorny cushions and is exceptionally tolerant of drought and frost. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; indispensable for rock gardens.

Acantholimon hoshapicum

Acantholimon hoshapicum · Shrubs

A cushion-forming species endemic to the Van (Hoşap) region that grows on gypsum and marl hills and is very tolerant of drought and frost. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor soil; it is suitable for special collections and rock gardens.

Acantholimon karamanicum

Acantholimon karamanicum · Shrubs

A thorny species with a dense cushion form, endemic to the Karaman area, growing on calcareous rocky slopes. It is extremely tolerant of drought and frost; it wants full sun and well-drained, poor soils, and is excellent for rock gardens.

Acantholimon venustum

Acantholimon venustum · Shrubs

A very beautiful species endemic to Central and Southern Anatolia, known for its showy pink flowers. It grows on limestone cliffs and slopes and needs full sun, excellent drainage and poor soil; it is among the most valued plants of alpine and rock gardens.

Acanthophyllum mucronatum

Acanthophyllum mucronatum · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming plant that occurs in Eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Caucasus, growing on steppes and rocky slopes. It is very tolerant of drought and frost; it needs full sun and perfectly drained, poor, sandy-gravelly soils.

Adenocarpus complicatus

Adenocarpus complicatus · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub native to Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils. It fixes nitrogen and is used for erosion control.

African Boxthorn

Lycium ferocissimum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy, thorny shrub of South African origin. It has high tolerance of full sun, drought and salinity. In many regions of Turkey it is considered an invasive species; its planting and spread must be kept under control.

Anabasis aphylla

Anabasis aphylla · Shrubs

WARNING: THIS PLANT IS VERY POISONOUS. It is dangerous to people and animals and is absolutely not used in landscapes. It is a wild species native to dry, salty steppes that needs no care.

Arabian Rockrose

Fumana arabica · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Astragalus angustifolius

Astragalus angustifolius · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a thorny native shrub that grows in a cushion form, needs almost no care and is extremely drought tolerant. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Astragalus dipsaceus

Astragalus dipsaceus · Shrubs

Suitable for full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a cushion-forming native plant that needs almost no care and is extremely tolerant of drought and harsh conditions. It should not be watered or fertilized.

Atraphaxis billardieri

Atraphaxis billardieri · Shrubs

It likes full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a native shrub with an interesting branching structure that is extremely tolerant of drought and coastal conditions. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Atraphaxis spinosa

Atraphaxis spinosa · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and very well-drained, poor, rocky soil. It is a native shrub, extremely drought tolerant, with a thorny, densely branched structure, that needs almost no care. Watering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Atriplex lehmanniana

Atriplex lehmanniana · Shrubs

It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soil. With its exceptional tolerance of salt and drought, it is a low-maintenance shrub ideal especially for coastal strips and difficult terrain.

Azalea

Rhododendron simsii · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that blooms abundantly in spring and needs acidic, moist soil. Its leaves turn yellow in chalky soil and water; it grows best in partial shade.

Azarole Hawthorn

Crataegus azarolus · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous small tree native to Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and its edible, medlar-like yellow-red fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Basket Willow

Salix viminalis · Shrubs

A willow species grown for its long, flexible branches used in basketry that likes constantly moist to wet soil. It is not drought tolerant and for the best branch yield it is cut back hard to the base every year at the end of winter (coppicing).

Bay Willow

Salix pentandra · Shrubs

A willow species grown for its glossy, bay-like leaves, native to cool, humid northern climates. It is not suitable for Izmir's hot, dry climate; it can only be tried by the water's edge with constant, generous watering.

Bean Trefoil

Anagyris foetida · Shrubs

WARNING: All parts of the plant, especially the seeds, are POISONOUS. It is a drought-loving Mediterranean shrub that grows in winter and goes dormant in summer. It smells unpleasant but has ecological value thanks to its late-winter flowering.

Berberis crataegina

Berberis crataegina · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous shrub native to Turkey. It is extremely tolerant of drought and difficult soil conditions; it is used in the landscape as a hedge plant and for its edible fruit.

Berberis cretica

Berberis cretica · Shrubs

A thorny, xeric and deciduous shrub native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, calcareous soils; excellent for rock gardens and low-maintenance landscapes.

Berberis integerrima

Berberis integerrima · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous, very drought-tolerant shrub of Central Asian origin. It thrives in full sun and well-drained soil; it is grown especially for its sour, vitamin C-rich fruit.

Black Crowberry

Empetrum nigrum · Shrubs

A plant native to polar and mountain (alpine) regions that needs cool, moist and acidic soil. Growing it in Manisa's hot, dry and calcareous climate is absolutely impossible and should not be attempted.

Black Elder

Sambucus nigra · Shrubs

A fast-growing native shrub grown for its flowers and ripe fruit (cooked) that likes moist, rich soil. It is wonderful for wildlife, but its leaves and unripe fruit are poisonous; it can be susceptible to aphids.

Black Goji Berry

Lycium ruthenicum · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub of Central Asian origin. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, salty-alkaline soil. It is grown for its black fruit, known for its valuable antioxidant content.

Blackberry

Rubus fruticosus · Shrubs

A long-caned shrub that bears black fruit in midsummer. Cultivated varieties may be thornless; the canes need to be tied to a wire or fence.

Blackthorn

Prunus spinosa · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub with nearly black branches, very thorny, that spreads by suckers. It is known for its pure white flowers that open before the leaves in spring and its tart fruits (sloes) picked after the first frost. It is used to form impenetrable natural hedges and is very valuable for wildlife.

Bloodtwig Dogwood

Cornus sanguinea · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub native to Turkey, grown especially for its young stems that turn bright red in winter. To get the most vivid stem color it must be pruned hard (almost to the ground) at the end of every winter; this pruning reduces flower and fruit production.

Box Honeysuckle

Lonicera nitida · Shrubs

An evergreen, densely textured shrub with small glossy leaves. It is generally used as a low hedge or topiary plant and responds very well to frequent pruning. It tolerates full sun and partial shade and various soils.

Broadleaf Spindle

Euonymus latifolius · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its showy, large, pink-red fruits and bright autumn leaf color. It tolerates sunny or partially shaded areas and most soil types. The fruits are poisonous to humans.

Butcher's Broom

Ruscus spp. · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen ground cover shrub that is ideal for shade and dry conditions. Its leaf-like branches (cladodes) are used in the cut flower trade; direct sunlight yellows and scorches the plant.

California Privet

Ligustrum ovalifolium · Shrubs

A very fast-growing shrub generally used only to form tight, neat hedges. For a neat hedge form it needs to be trimmed regularly throughout the growing season (spring to autumn); otherwise it becomes untidy.

Calligonum polygonoides

Calligonum polygonoides · Shrubs

A leafless-looking, drought-loving shrub native to desert and dune regions. To survive it absolutely needs full sun and soil made up almost entirely of sand that drains water instantly; it needs no watering or fertilizing, which can even harm it.

Camellia

Camellia sp. · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub with striking winter flowers and glossy leaves that likes acidic (lime-free) soils. Because of Izmir's alkaline soils and hot summers it must be grown in a pot, using acidic peat and protected from afternoon sun.

Camelthorn

Alhagi maurorum · Shrubs

WARNING: This plant is not used in landscapes; it is considered a stubborn weed in agricultural areas. With its very deep root system it is extremely drought tolerant, needs no care and can spread uncontrollably.

Cape Honeysuckle

Tecoma capensis · Shrubs

A semi-climbing evergreen shrub that produces orange-red trumpet flowers from late summer through winter. It is used as a hedge or wall cover in warm coastal gardens.

Cape Leadwort

Plumbago auriculata · Shrubs

A semi-climbing Mediterranean shrub that produces light blue flowers from spring until the first frosts. It loves heat and sun; in light frosts the top growth is burned and it regrows from the root.

Caper

Capparis spinosa · Shrubs

A Mediterranean shrub that grows in dry, stony and calcareous soils and produces large white-purple flowers in summer. The flower buds are used as pickles (capers); it needs almost no water.

Carolina Allspice

Calycanthus floridus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that likes moist, rich soil and partial shade. It should be protected from hot afternoon sun in summer and watered regularly; it is grown for its distinctive, pleasantly scented flowers, whose fragrance is compared to strawberries.

Ceanothus

Ceanothus sp. · Shrubs

A shrub of Californian origin that wants full sun and perfectly drained soil and is very drought tolerant. It is known for its dazzling blue flowers that generally open in spring; once established it should not be watered in summer, otherwise the risk of root rot increases.

Centaurea ptosimopappoides

Centaurea ptosimopappoides · Shrubs

An endangered shrub endemic only to Antalya. It needs chalky (alkaline), very well-drained, rocky soil and full sun; it requires no watering or fertilizing, and these practices can even kill the plant.

Centaurea spinosa

Centaurea spinosa · Shrubs

A silvery, thorny, cushion-forming shrub native to the Aegean coasts. It needs full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it should never be irrigated or fertilized, and it is excellent for dry gardens.

Chaste Tree

Vitex agnus-castus · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Mediterranean, extremely tolerant of heat and drought. It is valued for its lavender-blue flower clusters that open in late summer, when very little else flowers in the garden. It loves full sun and well-drained soils.

Cherry Laurel

Prunus laurocerasus · Shrubs

An evergreen hedge plant with large, glossy leaves that grows fast and tolerates shade. It is native to the Black Sea region; its leaves and kernels are poisonous.

Chinese Hibiscus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis · Shrubs

An evergreen tropical shrub with large, showy flowers. It is grown in the garden in the coastal belt and in pots in other regions, and brought indoors in winter.

Christ's Thorn

Paliurus spina-christi · Shrubs

A native of the Mediterranean region and Turkey, this is a very thorny deciduous shrub. It is used to form impenetrable, thorny hedges. It is highly tolerant of full sun, drought and poor, calcareous soils, and is known for its interesting disc-shaped fruits.

Clerodendrum bungei

Clerodendrum bungei · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub grown for its pink, fragrant flower clusters that open in late summer and autumn. It tends to spread very aggressively by sending up shoots from its roots (suckering) and needs to be kept under control.

Coastal Rosemary

Westringia fruticosa · Shrubs

An evergreen coastal shrub with silvery, rosemary-like leaves, very tolerant of wind, salt and drought. Its natural form is rounded; it is used as a low hedge.

Colutea armena

Colutea armena · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of the legume family native to Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea cilicica

Colutea cilicica · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of the legume family native to the southern regions of Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea halepica

Colutea halepica · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub from the legume family, native to the Eastern Mediterranean. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; it is extremely tolerant of drought and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Colutea melanocalyx

Colutea melanocalyx · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub from the legume family, native to Western Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; it is extremely tolerant of drought and is known for its inflated seed pods that 'pop' when squeezed.

Common Barberry

Berberis vulgaris · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous shrub of European and Asian origin. It is grown for its tart red fruits, rich in vitamin C, and is used as a hedge plant thanks to its hardiness. Because it is an alternate host of wheat rust, planting it near agricultural fields is not recommended.

Common Boxwood

Buxus sempervirens · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen, densely textured shrub; it is used especially in formal gardens, hedges and topiary (shaped pruning). Its greatest threat is the caterpillar of the Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis), which can eat the leaves completely.

Common Buckthorn

Rhamnus catharticus · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, very persistent shrub that tolerates sunny or partially shaded areas and all soil types. Its fruits and bark have traditionally been used as a dye and as a laxative; its spreading nature must be kept under control.

Common Jasmine

Jasminum officinale · Shrubs

A fast-growing, deciduous vine grown for its very strong, pleasantly scented white flowers. It absolutely needs a support to climb (fence, pergola, arbor); because it flowers on new shoots, it should be pruned in late winter/early spring.

Common Sage

Salvia officinalis · Shrubs

A woody aromatic plant whose gray-green, fragrant leaves are used in cooking and as tea. It loves drought; in heavy, wet soil the roots rot.

Conehead Thyme

Thymbra spicata · Shrubs

A natural plant of the Eastern Mediterranean; it loves full sun and poor, rocky, calcareous soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. Its intensely aromatic leaves are used as a spice in the kitchen, and the flavor is at its best when it is grown in dry conditions.

Coralberry

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus · Shrubs

Extremely tolerant of most conditions, including sunny or shaded areas and poor soils. It is grown for its decorative purple-pink fruits in clusters that stay on the branches all winter. It spreads quickly by suckers.

Cotoneaster integerrimus

Cotoneaster integerrimus · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is drought tolerant and produces red fruit in autumn that birds love.

Cotoneaster nummularius

Cotoneaster nummularius · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and produces reddish-black fruit in autumn that birds love.

Cotoneaster racemiflorus

Cotoneaster racemiflorus · Shrubs

A deciduous, very hardy shrub that is also native to Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is extremely drought tolerant and produces bright red fruit in autumn that birds love.

Crataegus caucasica

Crataegus caucasica · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous small tree whose homeland is the Caucasus and Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and edible red fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus demirsoyi

Crataegus demirsoyi · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to Mount Kaz (Mount Ida). It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus elazigense

Crataegus elazigense · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to the Elazığ area. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus elbursensis

Crataegus elbursensis · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species whose homeland is Iran's Elburz Mountains. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus orientalis

Crataegus orientalis · Shrubs

A very decorative deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey, with silvery-gray leaves and large, orange-red fruits. It is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils and needs almost no maintenance.

Crataegus pentagyna

Crataegus pentagyna · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It is known for its white flowers in spring and edible black fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus peshmenii

Crataegus peshmenii · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to Southwestern Anatolia. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus pontica

Crataegus pontica · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It is grown especially for its large, yellow and delicious fruits; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus pseudoheterophylla

Crataegus pseudoheterophylla · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species native to Turkey. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruits that ripen in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and calcareous soils.

Crataegus rhipidophylla

Crataegus rhipidophylla · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous, very hardy small tree that is also native to Turkey. It is ideal for forming impenetrable hedges; it has white flowers in spring and red fruit eaten by birds in autumn.

Crataegus sakranensis

Crataegus sakranensis · Shrubs

A thorny, deciduous hawthorn species endemic to the Izmir region. It has white flowers in spring and edible fruit that ripens in autumn; it is extremely tolerant of heat, drought and chalky soils.

Crataegus tanacetifolia

Crataegus tanacetifolia · Shrubs

A hawthorn species endemic to Turkey that loves full sun and is tolerant of drought and chalky soils. It is used in landscapes and for its edible fruit.

Crataegus x rubrinervis

Crataegus x rubrinervis · Shrubs

Generally a thorny, densely branched hawthorn hybrid. It loves full sun and adapts to most well-drained soil types. It is used in the landscape as a hedge plant or as a specimen.

Crataegus x yosgatica

Crataegus x yosgatica · Shrubs

A very hardy hawthorn species endemic to Turkey and especially adapted to the continental climate of Central Anatolia. It prefers full sun and chalky, poor soil, and is very tolerant of drought and frost.

Cretan Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis cretica · Shrubs

An evergreen, xeric shrub native to the Aegean region, with woolly, gray-green leaves. It is decorative with its bright yellow, button-shaped flowers that open in summer. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soils; excellent for dry landscapes (xeriscape).

Crimson Bottlebrush

Callistemon citrinus · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub of Australian origin whose bottlebrush-like red flowers attract bees and birds. It loves heat and drought; it tolerates light frosts.

Cyathobasis fruticulosa

Cyathobasis fruticulosa · Shrubs

A cushion-forming shrub endemic to Turkey's salty (halophytic) steppes. It needs full sun and chalky, salty soil with perfect drainage; garden use is uncommon and it has mostly ecological value.

Cytisus anatolicus

Cytisus anatolicus · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Cytisus drepanolobus

Cytisus drepanolobus · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub endemic to Turkey that grows on dry, rocky slopes. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is important for erosion control and dry landscapes.

Cytisus eriocarpus

Cytisus eriocarpus · Shrubs

A drought-loving and hardy shrub endemic to Turkey, distinguished by its woolly fruit. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is valuable for natural landscapes and restoration projects.

Cytisus hirsutus

Cytisus hirsutus · Shrubs

A hardy goat's-trefoil species known for its hairy shoots, growing naturally in southern Europe and Turkey. It likes full sun and well-drained, infertile soil; it is suitable for rock gardens and dry areas.

Cytisus leucanthus

Cytisus leucanthus · Shrubs

A low-growing, xeric shrub that occurs naturally in Southeastern Europe and Turkey. It loves full sun and well-drained soils poor in nutrients; it is suitable for rock gardens and dry-area plantings.

Cytisus procumbens

Cytisus procumbens · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub that grows spreading along the ground (creeping) and is an excellent ground cover. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is ideal for slopes, rock gardens and dry areas.

Cytisus pseudoprocumbens

Cytisus pseudoprocumbens · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, ground-hugging shrub that spreads along the ground and closely resembles Creeping Goat's-Trefoil. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is suitable for slopes and rock gardens.

Cytisus wulfii

Cytisus wulfii (syn. Chamaecytisus wulfii) · Shrubs

An alpine plant endemic to Uludağ, adapted to cool, humid summers. It is very difficult to grow in Manisa's hot, dry climate; it must be protected from extreme heat and root rot.

Daphne gnidioides

Daphne gnidioides · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to Western and Southern Anatolia, with fragrant flowers. It does not like its roots disturbed and prefers well-drained, calcareous soils and partially shaded positions. All parts are poisonous.

Daphne pontica

Daphne pontica · Shrubs

A shrub native to the moist forests of the Black Sea region that loves acidic soil and shade. Growing it in Manisa's hot, dry and calcareous climate is very difficult; it requires a special shaded, moist and cool microclimate.

Daphne sericea

Daphne sericea · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to Southern and Western Anatolia, with silky leaves and intensely fragrant pink flowers. It does not like its roots disturbed and prefers full sun or partial shade and well-drained, calcareous soils. All parts are poisonous.

Dog Rose

Rosa canina · Shrubs

An extremely hardy and drought-resistant native shrub that loves sunny areas and any well-drained soil. It is grown for its fruits (rose hips), rich in vitamin C, and is an important food source for wildlife.

Dogbane

Apocynum venetum · Shrubs

WARNING: The plant contains poisonous glycosides. It is a hardy plant that spreads quickly by rhizomes and is used for its fiber and medicinal tea. It can be invasive in gardens, so its spread must be kept under control.

Dorystoechas hastata

Dorystoechas hastata · Shrubs

An evergreen, aromatic, drought-loving shrub endemic only to the Antalya region. It likes full sun and well-drained, chalky soil; it is excellent for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Dwarf Elder

Sambucus ebulus · Shrubs

An herbaceous elderberry species that likes moist, rich soil and spreads quickly by its roots. It dies back to the ground every winter; because of its spreading nature, the planting site should be chosen carefully.

Dwarf Pomegranate

Punica granatum 'Nana' · Shrubs

A dwarf variety of the common pomegranate, grown for its abundant bright red-orange flowers and small decorative fruit. It is ideal for pots, bonsai and small, sunny spots. It likes full sun and very well-drained soil; it is drought tolerant.

Dwarf Spindle

Euonymus nanus · Shrubs

A slender, deciduous shrub that grows spreading along the ground or forming a low mound. It is used in rock gardens or as a ground cover and produces decorative fruit in autumn. Its fruit is poisonous.

Dyer's Greenweed

Genista tinctoria · Shrubs

A spreading, hardy ground-cover shrub historically used to obtain yellow dye. It prefers full sun and well-drained, poor soil; it is drought tolerant and suitable for rock gardens or slopes.

Ephedra campylopoda

Ephedra campylopoda · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub native to the Mediterranean region, with a climbing or trailing habit. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils; an excellent choice for dry landscapes and for covering walls.

Erica manipuliflora

Erica manipuliflora · Shrubs

An evergreen heath native to Western and Southern Anatolia that produces pink flowers in autumn. It requires acidic (lime-free) and well-drained soils; special soil preparation must be done in Manisa's alkaline soils. It is drought tolerant.

European Boxthorn

Lycium europaeum · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Mediterranean climate that loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought, salinity and calcareous soils. With its thorny structure it is used for natural hedges, dry landscaping and erosion control; the fruits are edible.

European Forsythia

Forsythia europaea · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub that is a herald of spring, adorning its branches with yellow flowers before the leaves appear. It likes full sun and well-drained soil. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends.

European Spindle

Euonymus europaeus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that stands out for its bright pink-red capsules opening in autumn and orange seeds. It is tolerant of different soil types and likes sunny spots for the best fruit/leaf color. Its fruit is poisonous to humans.

False Indigo

Amorpha fruticosa · Shrubs

An extremely hardy and adaptable shrub that fixes nitrogen in the soil with its roots. It tolerates difficult conditions, including drought, wet soils and infertile land. Pruning is important to prevent uncontrolled spread.

Firethorn

Pyracantha coccinea · Shrubs

A thorny, evergreen shrub that stands out for its clouds of white flowers in spring and bright red, orange or yellow fruit clusters in autumn and winter. It is ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and provides winter food for birds. It is very susceptible to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and scab (Venturia pyrina).

Franchet's Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster franchetii · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub known for its gray-green leaves, pink-white spring flowers and orange-red fruits that stay on the branches from autumn to winter. It is tolerant of drought and different soil types; its most important potential problem is fire blight (Erwinia).

French Broom

Genista monspessulana · Shrubs

A fast-growing, drought-tolerant shrub that fixes nitrogen. It prefers full-sun areas and well-drained, poor soils; it is used in the landscape for erosion control and as an ornamental, and it can be invasive in some regions.

French Rose

Rosa gallica · Shrubs

A rose of historical importance grown for its intensely fragrant flowers that likes sun and is drought tolerant. It spreads by root suckers to form groups of shrubs and is easier to care for than modern roses.

Fringed Rue

Ruta chalepensis · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is used in traditional medicine, but contact with the skin followed by sun exposure can cause dermatitis, so it should be handled with gloves.

Fumana aciphylla

Fumana aciphylla · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the dry, rocky slopes of Western Anatolia. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Fumana scoparia

Fumana scoparia · Shrubs

A heath-like evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Fumana thymifolia

Fumana thymifolia · Shrubs

A low-growing evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean, with thyme-like leaves, found on dry, rocky slopes. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Gardenia

Gardenia jasminoides · Shrubs

A plant with wonderfully fragrant white flowers but very difficult to care for. To succeed, acidic soil, lime-free water (rainwater), high humidity and bright, indirect light are essential. Bud drop is its most common problem.

Genista acanthoclada

Genista acanthoclada · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to the Aegean region. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens, dry slopes and erosion control.

Genista anatolica

Genista anatolica · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and very hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens, dry slopes and as an impenetrable ground cover.

Genista aucheri

Genista aucheri · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista burdurensis

Genista burdurensis · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub endemic to the Burdur area. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista carinalis

Genista carinalis · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

Genista lydia

Genista lydia · Shrubs

A shrub native to Western Anatolia that grows spreading along the ground, very tolerant of drought and heat. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; excellent for rock gardens, wall tops and as a ground cover.

Genista parnassica

Genista parnassica · Shrubs

A slow-growing, cushion-forming ground-cover shrub that is extremely tolerant of drought and poor soil. It likes full sun and well-drained, gravelly soil; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Genista sandrasica

Genista sandrasica · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, extremely hardy shrub endemic to Turkey and found only on Mount Sandras. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained (especially serpentine) soil; it is a unique species for rock gardens and endemic plant collections.

Genista sessilifolia

Genista sessilifolia · Shrubs

An upright, deciduous shrub native to Turkey and the Balkans. It prefers full sun and dry, well-drained, poor soil; it is suitable for dry landscapes and natural gardens.

Genista vuralii

Genista vuralii · Shrubs

A critically endangered (CR) thorny, cushion-forming shrub endemic to Turkey and found only in the Karaman-Ermenek area. It likes chalky, well-drained rocky soil and full sun; it is a very valuable species for rock gardens and conservation collections.

Glossy Abelia

Abelia grandiflora · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that produces light pink, funnel-shaped flowers from June to October. It likes sunny or partially shaded places and any well-drained soil. Suitable for hedges, borders or as a specimen.

Glossy Privet

Ligustrum lucidum · Shrubs

A very hardy, evergreen plant that can quickly reach tree form. It flowers in late summer and its seeds are spread by birds; it is considered a seriously invasive species in many regions.

Golden Shrimp Plant

Pachystachys lutea · Shrubs

A tropical shrub known for its showy yellow flower clusters (bracts) that can stay in bloom for a long time. It likes spots with bright and indirect light and moist, rich, well-drained soil. It needs regular pruning to stay compact and bushy.

Gorse

Ulex europaeus · Shrubs

A shrub that thrives in poor, acidic and sandy soils and is extremely tolerant of heat and drought. WARNING: This plant is considered invasive in many regions, can spread uncontrollably and is highly flammable.

Gray Willow

Salix cinerea · Shrubs

A native willow species that loves constantly moist and wet soils such as marshes, wet meadows and water edges. It is not drought tolerant; in the garden it can be grown only in a naturally wet area or at the edge of a pond.

Greek Strawberry Tree

Arbutus andrachne · Shrubs

It likes full-sun areas and especially well-drained, poor, rocky soil. With its reddish smooth trunk, drought tolerance and evergreen habit, it is an excellent specimen plant for Mediterranean gardens.

Groundsel Bush

Baccharis halimifolia · Shrubs

It is extremely tolerant of salt, drought and poor soil. However, because of its wind-dispersed seeds it is considered an invasive species in many countries, and planting it requires careful control and regular pruning.

Guelder Rose

Viburnum opulus · Shrubs

A shrub that prefers moist, well-drained soil and full sun or light shade. It is grown for its showy white spring flowers and bright red clustered berries in autumn. The fruit can be eaten after processing (pickling, etc.).

Hairy Broom

Cytisus villosus (syn. Genista villosa) · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, with hairy leaves and branches. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; ideal for natural gardens and erosion control.

Hairy Calycotome

Calycotome villosa · Shrubs

A thorny, xeric shrub typical of Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, calcareous soils; once established it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Halocnemum strobilaceum

Halocnemum strobilaceum · Shrubs

A succulent shrub with a jointed appearance that lives in the harshest conditions such as salt lakes and salt marshes and is extremely salt tolerant (an extreme halophyte). It loves full sun and needs almost no care in garden conditions.

Halocnemum yurdakulolii

Halocnemum yurdakulolii · Shrubs

An upright, succulent extreme halophyte endemic to Turkey that grows especially in the salty, gypsum-rich soils of the Çankırı-Çorum basin. It needs no care in garden conditions; fertilizing and overwatering kill the plant.

Halostachys caspica

Halostachys caspica · Shrubs

A shrub with fleshy, jointed branches that grows in salty and alkaline soils and is extremely salt tolerant (an extreme halophyte). It has high ecological value, requires zero care in garden conditions, and easily dies with wrong care (watering, fertilizing).

Halothamnus glaucus

Halothamnus glaucus · Shrubs

A shrub (xerophyte/halophyte) that grows in the saline, gypsum-rich deserts and steppes of Eastern Anatolia and Asia, extremely tolerant of drought and salt. It stands out with its bluish-gray color and requires no care (irrigation, fertilizing) in the garden.

Halothamnus hierochunticus

Halothamnus hierochunticus · Shrubs

An annual or short-lived perennial plant that grows in the dry, stony and saline deserts of Southeastern Anatolia and the Middle East. It is suitable for the most challenging, sunny and dry spots of the garden and can spread by self-seeding; it needs no care.

Hammada ramosissima

Hammada ramosissima · Shrubs

A shrub (xerophyte) extremely tolerant of drought, growing on the sandy and gravelly terrain of the deserts of Southeastern Anatolia and the Middle East. In garden conditions it requires no care such as irrigation or fertilizing, and such interventions harm the plant.

Harlequin Glorybower

Clerodendrum trichotomum · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its fragrant white flowers that open in late summer and, in autumn, its metallic blue fruit on a bright red background that replaces those flowers. Its root suckers are more manageable; for best performance it needs regular summer watering.

Heath

Erica · Shrubs

Evergreen shrubs that generally produce pink, purple or white flowers. Almost all species need acidic (lime-free), well-drained soil and full sun; in Manisa's alkaline soils they cannot survive without special soil preparation.

Heather

Calluna vulgaris · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub that likes cool climates and acidic, lime-free soil. It is very difficult to grow in the garden because of Izmir's alkaline soils and hot summers; it should be kept in a pot using acidic (lime-free) peat and protected from afternoon sun.

Heavenly Bamboo

Nandina domestica · Shrubs

A compact evergreen shrub that is decorative in all four seasons with its leaves that turn red in winter and its red fruits. It needs little care; its coloring is stronger in the sun.

Helianthemum canum

Helianthemum canum · Shrubs

A sun- and heat-loving, silver-leaved, spreading, evergreen rock garden shrub. It needs plenty of sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; light pruning after flowering keeps the plant young and shapely.

Helianthemum syriacum

Helianthemum syriacum · Shrubs

A sun-loving, evergreen rock garden shrub native to the Eastern Mediterranean. Extremely tolerant of drought, it requires full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; light pruning after flowering keeps the plant healthy and compact.

Highbush Blueberry

Vaccinium corymbosum · Shrubs

A fruit shrub that needs acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), organic-matter-rich and moist soil. In calcareous soil, or when watered with hard water, its leaves turn yellow; for this reason it is mostly grown in pots or in a special mix.

Hydrangea

Hydrangea macrophylla · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that blooms all summer with large, ball-shaped flowers and likes partial shade and moist soil. Flower color depends on the soil: it blooms blue in acidic soil and pink in calcareous soil.

Hymenocrater bituminosus

Hymenocrater bituminosus · Shrubs

An aromatic and extremely drought-tolerant shrub native to the Aegean and Mediterranean region. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; an ideal, low-maintenance plant for rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Hypericum hircinum

Hypericum hircinum · Shrubs

A semi-evergreen shrub whose leaves give off a goat-like smell when crushed. To succeed in Izmir's hot climate it needs a partially or fully shaded position along with moist soil.

Hypericum lydium

Hypericum lydium · Shrubs

A ground cover endemic to Western Anatolia that spreads in a cushion form and is extremely tolerant of drought. It loves full sun and well-drained, gravelly soils; it is ideal for rock gardens and dry areas and needs almost no maintenance.

Hypericum orientale

Hypericum orientale · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, drought-tolerant ground cover native to the Eastern Mediterranean, growing in rocky and mountainous areas. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; excellent for alpine and rock gardens.

Hypericum origanifolium

Hypericum origanifolium · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant ground cover native to Turkey with thyme-like leaves that spreads in a cushion form. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, chalky soil; it is ideal for rock gardens.

Hypericum perfoliatum

Hypericum perfoliatum · Shrubs

A perennial herbaceous plant known for its leaves that appear to pass through the stem, whose above-ground parts die back in winter. It is extremely tolerant of drought and poor soils and can spread and expand by its roots.

Hypericum rupestre

Hypericum rupestre · Shrubs

A cushion-forming, drought-tolerant native St. John's wort species growing on rocky and steep slopes. Perfect drainage, full sun and gravelly soils are vital; ideal for rock walls and alpine gardens.

Hypericum ternatum

Hypericum ternatum · Shrubs

An elegant St. John's wort species endemic to Southwestern Anatolia, distinguished by its leaves arranged in threes. In addition to well-drained and calcareous soils, because it grows on rocky outcrops in forests it prefers bright or partially shaded areas protected from afternoon sun.

Hypericum vacciniifolium

Hypericum vacciniifolium · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant ground cover endemic to Southern Anatolia, spreading in a cushion form, with bilberry-like leaves. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; ideal for rock gardens.

Hypericum xylosteifolium

Hypericum xylosteifolium · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub endemic to the coasts of Turkey that is tolerant of salt spray and drought. It likes full sun and perfectly drained, chalky soil; it is an excellent, low-maintenance plant for gardens by the sea.

Japanese Aralia

Fatsia japonica · Shrubs

It likes partially or fully shaded areas and rich, moist soil. It is used in the landscape to create texture in shady areas or as a pot plant; its large glossy leaves add a tropical feel.

Japanese Barberry

Berberis thunbergii · Shrubs

A popular deciduous ornamental shrub of Japanese origin, with colorful leaves (red, purple, yellow) and thorns. It loves full sun and well-drained soils; it is used especially as a border and hedge plant.

Japanese Pittosporum

Pittosporum tobira · Shrubs

A very popular evergreen shrub with glossy, leathery leaves and dense white flowers scented like orange blossom that open in spring. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and salt. Because it responds very well to pruning, it is an excellent choice for hedges, screening and low-maintenance landscapes.

Japanese Plum Yew

Cephalotaxus harringtonia · Shrubs

A slow-growing, evergreen shrub that is ideal for shaded areas. In hot climates it must be protected from full sun; once established it is surprisingly tolerant of drought in shade.

Japanese Privet

Ligustrum japonicum · Shrubs

A fast-growing, evergreen, extremely hardy hedge and screening plant. It responds very well to frequent pruning and takes shape easily; because its seeds are spread by birds, it can be invasive in some regions.

Japanese Quince

Chaenomeles japonica (syn. Cydonia japonica) · Shrubs

A hardy, thorny shrub that is often the herald of spring, flowering before its leaves. It tolerates full sun or partial shade and most soil types, and its fruits are used to make jam.

Japanese Rose

Kerria japonica · Shrubs

A shade-loving shrub that produces bright yellow flowers in spring and is of interest in winter for its green stems. Because it flowers on old branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends; it spreads by sending up shoots from its base.

Japanese Snowball

Viburnum plicatum · Shrubs

It has a very elegant, architectural appearance with its horizontal, layered branch structure. It prefers moist, well-drained and slightly acidic soil and full sun or light shade. It needs regular summer watering in hot climates.

Japanese Spindle

Euonymus japonicus · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub with a dense habit that is very suitable for pruning, so it is generally used as a hedge plant. It is susceptible to powdery mildew and scale insects and needs regular inspection.

Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis fruticosa · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub, also known as Jerusalem sage, striking for its woolly, gray-green leaves and bright yellow flower whorls that open in summer. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat; it loves full sun and poor, very well-drained calcareous soils. A popular choice for dry landscapes.

Lantana

Lantana camara · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub that blooms continuously all summer and loves sun, heat and drought. Its leaves and unripe fruit are poisonous; it can also be invasive in some regions, so its spread should be kept under control.

Laurel-Leaved Rockrose

Cistus laurifolius · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub whose homeland is the Mediterranean basin, which includes Turkey. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is ideal for dry gardens.

Laurustinus

Viburnum tinus · Shrubs

A very hardy evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean climate. It tolerates drought, heat and partial shade. With its white flowers with pink buds that open in winter and spring, followed by metallic blue fruits, it is decorative all year round.

Lilac

Syringa vulgaris · Shrubs

For best flowering it likes plenty of sun and well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline soils. It needs winter chilling to form flower buds, so in very mild climates such as Izmir, flowering may not be guaranteed every year.

Lycian Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis lycia · Shrubs

An extremely drought-loving and hardy shrub with gray, woolly leaves, endemic only to southwestern Turkey. It likes full sun and poor, chalky, very well-drained soil. It is a valuable species for natural gardens, rock gardens and dry landscapes.

Lycium anatolicum

Lycium anatolicum · Shrubs

A shrub native to Anatolia that loves full sun and is very tolerant of drought and poor soils. It is used in landscaping and for erosion control, and its fruits (buckthorn berries) are edible.

Lycium schweinfurthii

Lycium schweinfurthii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, extremely tolerant of salt and drought. It loves full sun and sandy, well-drained soils. It is used especially in coastal landscaping, for erosion control and as a natural hedge.

Lycium shawii

Lycium shawii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa, adapted to desert climates. It tolerates intense sun, extreme drought and sandy-gravelly soils. In Turkey it can be considered only in the hottest and driest regions (e.g. rural Şanlıurfa, Mardin) for special xeriscape applications.

Mediterranean Saltbush

Atriplex halimus · Shrubs

It likes full sun and well-drained, poor, sandy soil. With its exceptional tolerance of salt and drought, it is an ideal hedge and windbreak plant for coastal areas. Its silvery leaves create contrast in the landscape.

Mexican Bird of Paradise

Caesalpinia gilliesii · Shrubs

A shrub with exotic flowers that loves heat and sun and is very drought tolerant. It needs well-drained soil; remember that the seed pods and seeds are poisonous.

Montpellier Rockrose

Cistus monspeliensis · Shrubs

A typical evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis with sticky, aromatic leaves. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is ideal for dry gardens.

Multiflora Broom

Cytisus multiflorus (syn. Cytisus albus) · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant shrub covered in white flowers in late spring and early summer. It likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil; pruning after flowering is important to maintain its shape and control its spread.

Myrtle

Myrtus communis · Shrubs

The classic evergreen shrub of Mediterranean gardens, with fragrant leaves and white flowers that open in early summer. It is tolerant of drought and pruning; used as a hedge and topiary plant.

Nitraria schoberi

Nitraria schoberi · Shrubs

A shrub native to the salty steppes of Central Anatolia, extremely tolerant of severe drought, salinity and alkaline soils. It is used for erosion control and reclamation of barren land; its small red fruit is edible. It does not need ordinary garden soil.

Noaea mucronata

Noaea mucronata · Shrubs

A thorny, cushion-forming subshrub native to the dry steppe and mountainous regions of Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly, calcareous soils and is extremely tolerant of drought. It is rarely used in landscaping; it is mostly part of the natural ecosystem.

Oleander

Nerium oleander · Shrubs

A long-flowering Mediterranean shrub very tolerant of drought and salt. Warning: all parts of the plant are poisonous; it should not be planted in children's play areas.

Oregon Grape

Mahonia aquifolium · Shrubs

A thorny, evergreen shrub that is ideal for shaded and partially shaded areas. It is decorative with its bright yellow flower clusters, bluish-black fruits and leaves that turn bronze-purple in winter. It likes moist, well-drained, acidic soils rich in organic matter.

Pearl Bush

Exochorda · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub known for its pearl-like buds and pure white flowers in spring. Manisa's chalky soils and hot summers are challenging for it; it needs well-drained, slightly acidic soil, afternoon shade and regular summer watering.

Pentapera sicula

Pentapera sicula (syn. Erica sicula) · Shrubs

A rare, acid-loving heath found in Turkey only around Marmaris-Datça. To grow it in Manisa's chalky soils, a special acidic soil bed and lime-free water are essential.

Phillyrea

Phillyrea latifolia · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub that forms the backbone of Mediterranean maquis vegetation, with olive-like leaves. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and wind. Because it responds very well to pruning, it is excellent for hedges, screening and xeric landscape designs.

Phlomis grandiflora

Phlomis grandiflora · Shrubs

An extremely hardy evergreen shrub that makes an excellent ground cover with its large, heart-shaped, textured leaves. In summer it produces button-shaped, pale yellow flowers on stalks rising above the leaves. It adapts from full sun to partial shade and is very drought tolerant.

Pineapple Guava

Acca sellowiana · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub or small tree with edible, delicious fruits and showy flowers. It likes full sun and well-drained soils; although drought tolerant, it wants regular irrigation for quality fruit; in the landscape it is used as a specimen or hedge plant.

Pink Rockrose

Cistus creticus · Shrubs

A typical evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis with aromatic leaves. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is extremely drought tolerant.

Pomegranate

Punica granatum · Shrubs

A long-lived, deciduous shrub or small tree grown for its delicious, healthy, edible fruit. It is extremely tolerant of heat and drought. For abundant fruit it likes full sun and well-drained soil; its bright red-orange flowers that open in late spring/summer are also very decorative.

Pontic Rhododendron

Rhododendron ponticum · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Black Sea region that likes shade or partial shade and moist, humus-rich, acidic soils. Izmir's calcareous soil, direct sun and dry summers are not suitable for this plant; it can be kept alive only in specially prepared acidic soil, with lime-free water and in shade.

Prasium majus

Prasium majus · Shrubs

A hardy evergreen shrub native to Mediterranean maquis vegetation. After its white flowers that open in spring, the fleshy, sweet sepals (calyx) surrounding the flower are edible. It loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils; ideal for xeric landscapes.

Prostrate Summer Cypress

Bassia prostrata · Shrubs

It loves full sun and is extremely tolerant of drought and salinity. It grows even in well-drained, poor soil; it is used for erosion control and as a forage plant.

Ptilostemon gnaphaloides

Ptilostemon gnaphaloides · Shrubs

A cushion-forming evergreen shrub native to the Aegean islands and coasts, striking for its silvery-white leaves. It has purple-pink, thistle-like flowers that open in summer. It loves full sun and poor, gravelly soils that never hold water; an excellent choice for rock gardens.

Purple Willow

Salix purpurea · Shrubs

A native willow shrub that loves moist soils, grown for its slender stems that are purplish when young and its bluish-green leaves. To get the best stem color it is pruned hard (coppicing) at the end of every winter.

Raspberry

Rubus idaeus · Shrubs

A perennial shrub that bears red fruits on its upright-growing shoots. It likes cool and moist places; supporting it with wires makes harvesting easier.

Reaumuria alternifolia

Reaumuria alternifolia · Shrubs

A drought-loving shrub that loves full sun and is specialized for salty (halophytic) and gypsum-rich, poor soils. Garden use is uncommon outside ecological restoration and special xeric (dry-climate) landscapes; overwatering and fertilizing should be avoided.

Reaumuria sivasica

Reaumuria sivasica · Shrubs

A shrub endemic to the Sivas region, adapted to gypsum-rich and poor steppe soils, very tolerant of drought and frost. The most important rule for successful care is to ensure excellent drainage, especially in winter, and never to fertilize.

Red Currant

Ribes rubrum · Shrubs

A shrub grown for its fruit that likes cool, humid climates and fertile, well-drained soil. To get a good crop in Izmir's hot, dry summers, it must be grown in a partially shaded position with regular watering and mulching.

Red Tip Photinia

Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin' · Shrubs

A very popular evergreen shrub with bright red new shoots. It grows fast and responds very well to pruning, so it is used especially as a hedge and screening plant. For the most vivid red color it likes full sun and fertile, well-drained soil.

Redvein Enkianthus

Enkianthus campanulatus · Shrubs

A shrub of Japanese origin that needs acidic (pH 4.5-6.0), moist and humus-rich soil. It is absolutely not suitable for Manisa's calcareous soils and hot/dry climate; it can be grown only in specially prepared acidic soil beds and in shade.

Rhamnus cornifolius

Rhamnus cornifolius · Shrubs

A native shrub of rocky and mountainous slopes, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. It is suitable for xeric (dry) landscapes and rock gardens; it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Rhamnus fallax

Rhamnus fallax · Shrubs

A native shrub species adapted to mountainous and rocky regions, tolerant of drought and calcareous soils. Low-maintenance and suitable for natural landscape and restoration projects.

Rhamnus hirtellus

Rhamnus hirtellus · Shrubs

A native shrub endemic to Turkey (Amanos Mountains) that is perfectly adapted to dry, rocky and chalky soils. It is an ideal plant for natural landscapes and 'zero-care' gardens, needing no watering or fertilizing.

Rhamnus imeretinus

Rhamnus imeretinus · Shrubs

An ornamental shrub grown for its large, showy leaves that likes moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil and partial shade. In hot, dry climates such as Izmir, regular and generous watering is vital for its survival.

Rhamnus kayacikii

Rhamnus kayacikii · Shrubs

An extremely rare shrub endemic to the Antalya area, native to calcareous and rocky maquis areas. It has value only for collection and conservation purposes; its care consists of planting it in perfectly drained soil and avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely.

Rhamnus lycioides

Rhamnus lycioides · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub typical of Mediterranean maquis, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. Ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and for zero-maintenance xeric gardens.

Rhamnus microcarpus

Rhamnus microcarpus · Shrubs

A native shrub species of rocky slopes and forest understories, tolerant of drought and poor soils. Ideal for low-maintenance natural gardens and restoration projects that support wildlife.

Rhamnus pallasii

Rhamnus pallasii · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to dry, mountainous steppes, extremely tolerant of frost, drought and calcareous soils. Perfect drainage is vital; its care requires avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely.

Rhamnus petiolaris

Rhamnus petiolaris · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant, thornless shrub endemic to Turkey and adapted to chalky and rocky slopes. It is an excellent choice for wildlife-friendly natural gardens requiring 'zero care'.

Rhamnus punctatus

Rhamnus punctatus · Shrubs

A native shrub of rocky and calcareous mountain slopes, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeric landscapes that need 'zero maintenance'; irrigation and fertilizer should be avoided.

Rhamnus pyrellus

Rhamnus pyrellus · Shrubs

An extremely rare shrub endemic to Southwestern Anatolia that lives on calcareous and rocky slopes. Its care requires imitating its natural habitat by avoiding irrigation and fertilizing entirely; it has conservation value only.

Rhamnus rupestris

Rhamnus rupestris · Shrubs

A spreading ground cover shrub native to rock and limestone crevices, very tolerant of drought. It is ideal for rock gardens, dry stone walls and well-drained soils; it requires no irrigation or fertilizing.

Rhododendron smirnowii

Rhododendron smirnowii · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Black Sea region with woolly undersides to its leaves that likes moist, cool, acidic soil. It is not suitable for Izmir's chalky soil and dry summers; it can only be kept alive in specially prepared acidic soil, with lime-free water and in partial shade.

Ribes anatolica

Ribes anatolica · Shrubs

A shrub endemic to Turkey's high-altitude mountains that likes rocky, well-drained soil. Izmir's low altitude and damp winters can be challenging; the most important rule for successful growing is to ensure excellent drainage and not to overdo the care.

Ribes biebersteinii

Ribes biebersteinii · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub native to high-altitude, dry and rocky steppes. It is not suitable for Izmir's damp winters; to keep it alive it must be planted in gravelly, well-drained soil and never watered.

Ribes multiflorum

Ribes multiflorum · Shrubs

A hardy shrub grown for its long flower clusters and red fruit that likes sun or partial shade. It is quite drought tolerant, but occasional watering in summer is beneficial for the best yield.

Ribes orientale

Ribes orientale · Shrubs

A native shrub of high-altitude, dry and rocky slopes that is extremely tolerant of drought and chalky soils. Its care means planting it in a perfectly drained spot and avoiding watering and fertilizing entirely.

Rockspray Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster horizontalis · Shrubs

A spreading, deciduous shrub known for its herringbone-like branching structure. It offers interest in all four seasons with its small pink flowers, bright red fruits and autumn colors; it is drought tolerant but can be susceptible to fire blight.

Rosa foetida

Rosa foetida · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant native rose of historical importance with bright yellow flowers. Although easy to care for, it is extremely susceptible to black spot, which can strip the leaves completely, and may therefore need regular spraying.

Rosa heckeliana

Rosa heckeliana · Shrubs

A native wild rose species of Turkey's mountainous and rocky regions that is extremely tolerant of drought and chalky soils. Its care means imitating its natural environment by avoiding watering and fertilizing.

Rosa horrida

Rosa horrida · Shrubs

A native shrub named for its dense, thorny structure, extremely tolerant of drought, heat and calcareous soils. Ideal for forming impenetrable hedges and for 'zero-maintenance' areas; it spreads by root suckers.

Rosa pulverulenta

Rosa pulverulenta · Shrubs

A native wild rose species of Turkey's dry, rocky maquis that is perfectly adapted to drought, heat and chalky soils. It is suitable only for natural landscapes that require 'zero care'.

Rosa sicula

Rosa sicula · Shrubs

A wild rose species native to the high-altitude mountains of the Mediterranean, growing in a cushion form and extremely tolerant of drought and calcareous soils. It is suitable only for rock gardens and well-drained soils; it should not be irrigated or fertilized.

Rosa tomentosa

Rosa tomentosa · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant native wild rose species known for its hairy leaves and fragrant flowers. It is suitable for wildlife gardens and natural hedges, and its fruit (rose hips) is edible.

Rosa villosa

Rosa villosa · Shrubs

A hardy, native rose species grown for its large, apple-like fruits (rose hips) rich in vitamin C. It spreads by root suckers and is an excellent choice for wildlife gardens.

Rose

Rosa sp. · Shrubs

Prefers sunny sites and well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Widely used in gardens and as a cut flower. Pruning and regular care are needed to keep it healthy and to encourage abundant flowering. The entry you submitted, "Ardis brunniventris", is an insect that damages roses.

Rose of Sharon

Hibiscus syriacus · Shrubs

A cold-hardy deciduous shrub that blooms abundantly in midsummer. It is suitable for hedges and specimen use; it wakes up late, so it should not be assumed dead in spring.

Rosemary

Rosmarinus officinalis · Shrubs

An evergreen Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil and is extremely drought tolerant. It is used as a spice in the kitchen and as a hardy ornamental plant in the landscape; its worst enemy is overwatering.

Rough Deutzia

Deutzia scabra · Shrubs

A hardy, deciduous shrub that produces abundant white flowers in clusters in early summer. It likes sunny or partially shaded areas and well-drained soil. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning should be done right after flowering ends.

Sage

Salvia spp. · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is used for culinary and medicinal purposes; regular pruning is important to keep the plant bushy and prevent it from becoming woody.

Sage-Leaved Rockrose

Cistus salviifolius · Shrubs

A typical low, spreading evergreen shrub of Mediterranean maquis. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is excellent for dry gardens.

Salix anatolica

Salix anatolica · Shrubs

A willow species endemic to Turkey's high-altitude mountains that likes waterside sites and well-drained soil. Izmir's low altitude and intense summer heat are challenging; it can be kept alive with cool roots, regular watering and excellent drainage.

Salix caucasica

Salix caucasica · Shrubs

A willow species native to the cool and humid mountainous regions of the Caucasus that loves constantly wet soils. Growing it in Izmir's hot and dry climate is nearly impossible; it can be attempted only at a water's edge, in partial shade and with constant irrigation.

Salix myrsinifolia

Salix myrsinifolia · Shrubs

A willow species native to cool, humid northern climates that likes constantly wet soil. It is absolutely not suitable for Izmir's hot, dry climate; it can only be tried by the water's edge with constant, generous watering.

Salix pseudomedemii

Salix pseudomedemii · Shrubs

A willow species endemic to the cool and humid mountainous regions of Northeastern Anatolia that loves constantly wet soils. Growing it in Izmir's hot and dry climate is nearly impossible; to survive it needs constant irrigation and its roots must be kept cool.

Salix rizeensis

Salix rizeensis · Shrubs

A willow species endemic only to the cool, rainy mountainous regions of Rize with acidic soil, which needs constant moisture. Growing it in Izmir's hot, chalky conditions is almost impossible; for survival it needs partial shade, special acidic soil and constant watering with lime-free water.

Salix trabzonica

Salix trabzonica · Shrubs

A willow species endemic only to the cool, rainy mountainous regions of Trabzon with acidic soil, which needs constant moisture. Growing it in Izmir's hot, chalky conditions is almost impossible; for survival it needs partial shade, special acidic soil and constant watering with lime-free water.

Salix wilhelmsiana

Salix wilhelmsiana · Shrubs

A very decorative, fine-textured willow with silvery leaves, one of the most drought-tolerant willow species. It is excellent for low-water (xeric) gardens; for the best appearance it can be pruned hard at the end of winter.

Salsola boissieri

Salsola boissieri · Shrubs

A native shrub (halophyte) of coastal regions and saline soils, extremely tolerant of drought. It is used only in special landscapes; its care consists of planting it in the most challenging, sunny and well-drained spot and leaving it entirely alone.

Salsola laricina

Salsola laricina · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to the salty and gypsum-rich steppes of Central Anatolia that is extremely tolerant of drought and frost. The most important rule for successful care is to ensure excellent drainage and never to water or fertilize.

Satureja cuneifolia

Satureja cuneifolia · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeriscapes; it needs pruning to stay compact and should never be overwatered.

Satureja spinosa

Satureja spinosa · Shrubs

A thorny shrub native to dry, sunny and rocky Mediterranean slopes, growing in a cushion form and extremely tolerant of drought. Ideal for rock gardens; its care consists of planting it in a perfectly drained spot and leaving it entirely alone.

Satureja thymbra

Satureja thymbra · Shrubs

A very drought-tolerant, aromatic Mediterranean shrub known as 'thyme' that likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil. It is ideal for rock gardens and xeriscapes; pruning after flowering is important to keep it compact.

Scorpion Senna

Hippocrepis emerus · Shrubs

A drought-tolerant shrub from the legume (Fabaceae) family that produces its own nitrogen. It loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils; it produces bright yellow flowers over a long period from spring into summer.

Scorpion Vetch

Coronilla emerus · Shrubs

A hardy deciduous shrub whose homeland is Southern Europe, which includes Turkey. It is known for its yellow, pea-like flowers that bloom almost all year; it loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils and is quite drought tolerant.

Scotch Broom

Cytisus scoparius · Shrubs

A very hardy shrub with showy yellow flowers. However, by producing abundant seed it has become an invasive species in many regions, so planting and management require care.

Sea Buckthorn Willow

Salix elaeagnos · Shrubs

A native willow species grown for its silvery-gray leaves, which likes water edges but also well-drained, gravelly soils. It is more drought tolerant than many other willows but should be watered regularly in summer for the best appearance.

Sea Purslane

Atriplex portulacoides (syn. Halimione portulacoides) · Shrubs

It prefers full sun and salty, periodically wet coastal soils. It is a silvery-leaved ground cover that is extremely tolerant of salinity and harsh coastal conditions. It is ideal for ecological restoration and coastal gardens.

Sea Purslane

Halimione portulacoides · Shrubs

A ground-cover shrub that grows naturally in salt marshes and along the coastline and is extremely salt tolerant (a halophyte). It likes full sun and well-drained soil and is very drought tolerant; it is ideal especially for coastal gardens.

Shrubby Jasmine

Jasminum fruticans · Shrubs

A yellow-flowered jasmine species that is a natural member of Mediterranean maquis, extremely tolerant of drought. It loves full sun and well-drained, poor soils; pruning after flowering is important to keep it from taking on a straggly form.

Siberian Pea Shrub

Caragana arborescens · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub of Siberian origin, extremely tolerant of severe cold. It cannot adapt to Izmir's long, hot, dry summers and mild winters; growing it in this climate is not recommended and the plant will probably suffer stress-related problems.

Sicilian Sumac

Rhus coriaria · Shrubs

A shrub native to sunny, dry and rocky slopes, extremely tolerant of drought. Its fruits are used as a spice, while the plant tends to spread by root suckers and takes on bright red colors in autumn.

Small-Flowered Rockrose

Cistus parviflorus · Shrubs

A compact, cushion-forming evergreen shrub native to the Aegean region. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; once established it never wants summer irrigation or fertilizing, and it is excellent for rock gardens.

Small-Leaved Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster microphyllus · Shrubs

A spreading and hardy shrub of Himalayan origin with tiny, glossy, evergreen leaves. Ideal for rock gardens and slopes; it offers four seasons of interest with its white spring flowers and red fruits that last until winter.

Smoke Tree

Cotinus coggygria · Shrubs

A hardy deciduous shrub native to Turkey. It is grown for its flower clusters that resemble clouds of smoke in summer and its bright autumn leaf colors; it is very tolerant of drought and calcareous soils.

Spanish Lavender

Lavandula stoechas · Shrubs

An aromatic, drought-tolerant plant typical of Mediterranean maquis. Full sun and well-drained, poor soils are essential for abundant flowering and good health; it should be pruned after the main flowering is over to keep the plant compact.

Staghorn Sumac

Rhus typhina · Shrubs

An extremely hardy ornamental shrub grown for its showy leaves, autumn colors and red fruit clusters. Because it spreads quickly by root suckers, the planting site should be chosen carefully and its spread kept under control.

Sticky Jerusalem Sage

Phlomis viscosa · Shrubs

A hardy, semi-evergreen shrub native to Turkey, known for its broad, slightly sticky leaves. Its rings of yellow flowers that open in summer attract bees. It likes full sun and well-drained, poor soil and is very drought tolerant.

Strawberry Tree

Arbutus unedo · Shrubs

It likes full-sun or partially shaded areas and well-drained soil. It is famous for flowering in autumn while bearing the ripening edible fruit of the previous year at the same time. It is a drought-tolerant, low-maintenance Mediterranean plant.

Sweet Pea Shrub

Polygala myrtifolia · Shrubs

A compact evergreen shrub that produces purple-pink flowers from spring to autumn and is tolerant of coastal conditions. It tolerates drought but is damaged by hard frost.

Teucrium brevifolium

Teucrium brevifolium · Shrubs

A natural plant of the Aegean region; it loves full sun and poor, rocky, well-drained soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought, heat and wind. With its silvery-gray leaves it is excellent for dry gardens (xeriscape) and coastal landscaping.

Teucrium flavum

Teucrium flavum · Shrubs

This shrub, native to the Mediterranean, loves full sun and well-drained, calcareous soils. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. With its gray-green leaves and pale yellow summer flowers, it is ideal for dry gardens and rocky areas.

Teucrium pestalozzae

Teucrium pestalozzae · Shrubs

A species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, chalky, well-drained soil. It forms a dense cushion with silvery leaves and pink-purple flowers that open in summer. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat.

Thorny Olive

Elaeagnus pungens · Shrubs

An evergreen, thorny and very hardy shrub; very tolerant of drought, heat and poor soils. It is generally used to form impassable hedges, and its small flowers that open in autumn are very fragrant.

Thymelaea aucheri

Thymelaea aucheri · Shrubs

A plant of Turkey's natural maquis and rocky areas; it likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat and drought. It is a low-maintenance ground cover ideal for the toughest, driest and sunniest spots of the garden.

Thymelaea cilicica

Thymelaea cilicica · Shrubs

A plant endemic to Turkey's Taurus Mountains; it likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat, drought and frost. It is an ideal plant, needing near-zero care, for the toughest, driest and sunniest spots of the garden.

Thymelaea hirsuta

Thymelaea hirsuta · Shrubs

A plant native to the coastal and dune regions of the Mediterranean; it loves full sun and sandy, poor, well-drained soils. It is exceptionally tolerant of heat, drought and salt (from the sea). An ideal zero-maintenance plant for the most challenging, sandy and sunny areas of the garden.

Thymelaea tartonraira

Thymelaea tartonraira · Shrubs

This shrub, native to the Mediterranean, loves full sun and poor, well-drained, calcareous soils. With its silvery, silky leaves it is extremely tolerant of drought and heat. It is an ideal zero-maintenance plant for coastal gardens, rock gardens and the most challenging dry areas.

Thymus cilicicus

Thymus cilicicus · Shrubs

A thyme species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus haussknechtii

Thymus haussknechtii · Shrubs

A thyme species endemic to Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus leucotrichus

Thymus leucotrichus · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Thymus sipyleus

Thymus sipyleus · Shrubs

This thyme species, named after Mount Spil and endemic to Turkey, loves full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soils. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its intensely aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens and dry areas.

Thymus zygioides

Thymus zygioides · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, gravelly, well-drained soil. It is exceptionally drought tolerant and, with its dense aromatic leaves, is an excellent ground cover for rock gardens, gaps in stone walls and dry areas.

Tree Heath

Erica arborea · Shrubs

An evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean basin, with fragrant flowers. Its most important requirement is acidic (lime-free), well-drained soil; in Manisa's alkaline soils it can suffer chlorosis (yellowing), so it requires special soil preparation.

Tutsan

Hypericum androsaemum · Shrubs

A semi-evergreen shrub that bears yellow flowers in summer and is also decorative in autumn with its fruit that turns from red to black. To succeed in Izmir it needs partial or full shade and moist, rich soil; it is sensitive to sun and drought.

Vanhoutte Spirea

Spiraea x vanhouttei · Shrubs

It likes full-sun or partially shaded areas; it is not picky about soil but prefers well-drained soil. It is a showy shrub used as a hedge plant or specimen, with dense white flowers in spring.

Wall Germander

Teucrium montanum · Shrubs

A native plant of Turkey; it likes full sun and poor, chalky, well-drained soil. It is a spreading, cushion-forming ground cover. It is extremely tolerant of drought and heat and ideal for rock gardens.

Warty Spindle

Euonymus verrucosus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub that stands out for its warty branches, pink-red capsules opening in autumn and orange seeds. It tolerates different soil types and shade. Its fruit is poisonous to humans.

Wayfaring Tree

Viburnum lantana · Shrubs

A very hardy and adaptable shrub that can tolerate dry and calcareous (alkaline) soils. It is decorative with its cream-white flowers that open in spring and fruits that turn from red to black in autumn. It is an easy-care plant for Izmir's climate.

Weeping Forsythia

Forsythia suspensa · Shrubs

A hardy shrub known for its arching, spreading branches and bright yellow flowers in spring. It is suitable for planting along walls or on slopes. Because the flowers form on the previous year's branches, pruning must be done right after flowering ends.

Weigela

Weigela florida · Shrubs

An easy-care shrub known for its abundant pink, red or white trumpet-shaped flowers that open in late spring. It likes full sun or light shade and moist, well-drained soil. In hot climates like Izmir it performs better with regular summer watering.

White Broom

Genista albida · Shrubs

A low-growing or cushion-forming, xeric and hardy shrub native to Anatolia. It loves full sun and poor, well-drained soils; ideal for rock gardens and dry slopes.

White Osyris

Osyris alba · Shrubs

An evergreen semi-parasitic shrub native to Mediterranean maquis. It lives by drawing water and nutrients from the roots of other plants, which makes it very drought tolerant. It loves full sun and poor, calcareous soils; it is rarely used in landscaping.

Willowleaf Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster salicifolius · Shrubs

A fast-growing, hardy shrub with willow-like, glossy, evergreen leaves, white spring flowers and bright red fruit clusters that last until winter. It is popular for hedges and screening; it is drought tolerant but can be susceptible to fire blight.

Winged Spindle

Euonymus alatus · Shrubs

A deciduous shrub famous for its bright red leaf color in autumn. Manisa's hot, dry summers are challenging for this plant; for best performance it needs afternoon shade and regular summer watering. It can be invasive in some regions.

Winterfat

Krascheninnikovia ceratoides · Shrubs

An extremely hardy shrub with silvery-white leaves, native to the cold, dry steppes of Anatolia. It needs full sun and perfectly drained, gravelly, calcareous soils; drainage is vital to prevent root rot in Izmir's wet winters.

Yellow Azalea

Rhododendron luteum · Shrubs

A shrub native to the Black Sea region that likes moist, cool, humus-rich, acidic soil. Izmir's chalky soil and dry summers are fatal to this plant; it can only be kept alive in specially prepared acidic soil or in a pot, watered regularly with lime-free water.